The Firestone Tire Controversy

In May 2000, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the United States issued a letter to the Ford Motor Co. and Firestone Inc. asking for information about the high incidence of tire failures on the Ford Explorer Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs). During July, Ford analyzed the data on tire failures. The analysis revealed that Firestone Radial 15 inch ATX and ATX II tires produced in North America and Wilderness AT tires produced at Decatur, Illinois Plant had very high failure rates with the treads peeling off.When the tires failed, the vehicle often rolled over and killed the occupants. Firestone amid concerns over tread separation, accidents, injury and death announced a voluntary recall of all Radial ATX and ATX II and Wilderness AT tires. Around 6. 5 million tires were recalled. These tires were original equipment on certain Ford Explorer SUVs, Mercury Mountaineer, Ford Ranger pick up trucks and Mazda Navajo and B-series pick up trucks. The Firestone tire reca ll was perhaps the biggest auto safety crisis in the US history.NHTSA put the death figure in February 2001 at 174 which has risen from 101 deaths reported in September 2000. However, analysts felt that there were as many as 250 deaths and more than 3000 injuries associated with the defective tires. Most of the deaths occurred in accidents involving the Ford Explorer and the victims and their families filed hundreds of lawsuits. In May 2001, Firestone announced that it was severing its ties with Ford and alleged that the problems in the Ford Explorer caused 174 deaths.Firestone alleged that Ford was trying to divert attention from the problems with Explorer. Ford and Firestone seemed to have known about the flaws in the tires for almost a year prior to the recall but it wasn't until NHTSA launched a preliminary investigation that Firestone announced a voluntary recall. Questions were raised about how Ford and Firestone responded to the first evidence of tire problems. Ford officials said that the issue first surfaced in Saudi Arabia, where drivers were prone to deflate their tires for better traction while driving in the desert sand.When they returned to hard pavement, they failed to reinflate the tires and the combination of low pressure and extreme climate led to tire disintegration. Ford replaced the tires on some 45,000 vehicles in the Middle East and in several other countries with extreme temperatures. NHTSA officials felt that Explorers were too heavy for the 15-inch tires. However, there was no definitive evidence to indicate that Ford's design specification for Explorer's tires was to blame.A lawyer representing some of the victims said, â€Å"There are a lot of smoke and mirrors going on, Ford can say it's Firestone's fault, and Firestone can say it's Ford's fault. â€Å"5 John Lampe, Executive vice president, Firestone, said that Firestone would replace any tires found to be unsafe. Susan Sizemore, public relations manager at Bridgestone's US head quarters in Nashville said, â€Å"This is not a recall. It's a customer satisfaction initiative. If necessary, we are replacing those tires with either our tires or a competitor's. Firestone alleged that Ford Explorer without Firestone tires were still experiencing rollover problems. Officials conceded that some of the Firestone tires involved in the recall were apparently world class tires and did not appear to have safety problems but said the tires needed to be included in the recall because of loss of customer confidence in the Firestone tires. The committee investigating the case after hearing from both sides said that there was a need for further analysis by an independent source such as NHTSA about both the Explorer and the tires.In 2001, Firestone announced that it would shut down one of its US plants, which could be its Decatur, Illinois, plant by no later than December 31, 2001. This would eliminate some 1, 500 jobs. Bridgestone recorded a net loss of $ 250. 3 million for the first half of 2001 because of the tire recall. In the first half of 2000, Bridgestone recorded a net profit of 18. 90 billion yen. An extraordinary loss of $ 570 million taken by Firestone in June 2001 to pay lawsuits and clear up other costs related to the tire recall was the main reason behind the loss.Company sourced said that they would try to revive their North American operations by shifting focus to the Bridgestone brand. Shigeo Watanabe, president of Bridgestone said, â€Å"I don't think the Firestone brand will disappear, but the Bridgestone brand will grow. † The recall of 6. 5 million Firestone tires on the Ford Explorer in August 2000 cost Ford about $ 500 million. Explorer sales had plunged 21% in 2001. The company's earnings were expected to sink by 65% in 2001. Ford's share of the US automobile market had fallen by 1. 7 percentage points in 2001 to 23. 1%.Officials at Ford felt that the future of Ford (Explorer) would depend on how customers responded to F ord's reaction to the crisis. One official said, â€Å"My message to consumers is, if you don't think we have behaved in the way the world's leading consumer company should behave, then tell us, because we want to earn that loyalty and respect. â€Å"7 Commenting on Ford's future relationship with Firestone, that official said, â€Å"Given the importance of the relationship between tires and vehicle safety, and the importance of brand perception, how can you put Firestone tires on the new Explorer that comes out next year? â€Å"

Esr Experiment

Electron Spin Resonance Tabish September 2003 Aim: To determine the Land? g-factor using Electron Spin Resonance. e Apparatus: ESR setup which includes Helmholtz coils, R. F. oscillator and the test sample, and in addition, a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO). Theory Background Suppose a particle having a magnetic moment  µ is placed in a uniform magnetic ? eld of intensity B, then the Hamiltonian can be written as ? H=g e ? J  · B, 2mc where g is the Land? g-factor, which is 1 for orbital angular momentum, and 2 for spin angular e e? h momentum.The factor 2mc , sometimes written as  µB , is called Bohr magneton, if the particle in question is an electron. If the particle is a nucleon, then the factor is called the nuclear magneton. If the angular momentum J results from a combination of an orbital angular momentum and a spin, then g would be given by the Land? formula: e g =1+ j(j + 1) + s(s + 1) ? l(l + 1) , 2j(j + 1) where l, s and j represent the magnitude of the orbital, the spin and the total angular momenta, respectively. Remember that j can go from l ? s to l + s. Conventionally, the static magnetic ? eld is assumed to be pointing along the z? xis, which modi? es the above equation to e ? ? Jz B. H=g 2mc Let us now consider an atom which has an electronic ground state with total angular momentum j = 1/2 and an excited state with j = 3/2 (see ? gure 2). There is only a single transition which can be induced by the absorption of radiation of frequency ? 12 = (E2 ? E1 )/? . As the energy does not depend h on the angular momentum states, the ground state is doubly degenerate corresponding to eigenvalues  ±1/2 ? of Jz and the excited state is quadruply degenerate corresponding to eigenvalues +3/2, 1/2, ? 1/2, ? 3/2 of ? Jz . 1Electronic excited state Electronic transition j=3/2 ESR Electronic ground state j=1/2 ESR Zeeman effect If one now applies a magnetic ? eld B along the z-axis, each of the angular momentum states acquires a di? erent energy. The g round state energy level thus splits into two sublevels and the excited state level into four sublevels. This is called Zeeman splitting. Now instead of a single transition of frequency ? 12 = (E2 ? E1 )/? , many transitions of frequencies close to ? 12 h are possible. Experimentally this is seen as a splitting a single absorption or emission line into several closely spaced lines.This is called Zeeman e? ect. As one would have noticed, transition should also be possible between the sublevels of the same energy level. It is indeed possible and this phenomenon is known as electron spin resonance (ESR). Electron Spin Resonance Let us try to understand the phenomenon of ESR in somewhat more detail. As ESR invloves transitions only between the sublevels of one energy level, we will not bother about the Hamiltonian of the atom/molecule which gives us the energy levels. We will only worry about the part of the Hamiltonian which is the result of the applied magnetic ? ld B, which gives us the sublevels. For simplicity, we will consider one electron with angular momentum j, in a magnetic ? eld B. In addition we have an electromagnetic ? eld of frequency ? in the direction perpendicular to B. The time-dependent Hamiltonian can thus be written as ? H=g eB ? ? ? Jz + V0 ei? t + V0†  e? i? t , 2mc ? where V0 represents the interaction of the electromagnetic ? eld with the electron. The electromagnetic ? eld is supposed to be very weak compared to the applied static ? eld B, and so one can use time-dependent perturbation theory to study this problem. The states ? hat we will use are the eigenstates of Jz : ? Jz |m = hm|m , ? where m will take 2j + 1 values, from ? j to +j. The energy of these levels is given by g where n eB ? Jz |n = 2mc n |n , = geB? n h 2mc = gB µB n. In time-dependent perturbation theory, we know that the time-dependent interaction can cause transition between various |m states. The transition rate per unit time, from i th level to j’th le vel is given by: 2? ? Wi>j = | j|V0 |i |2 ? ( j ? i ? h? ), ? h ? assuming that j > i . This expression says that transition from state |i to |j is possible when the frequency of radiation ? ( j ? i )/? . This is the condition for resonance, or in our case, h electron spin resonance. ? ? There is one important point about the form of V0 . It happens to be such that j|V0 |i is nonzero only when j = i  ± 1. This means that transition is possible between, say, | ? 3/2 and | ? 1/2 , but not between, say, | ? 3/2 and |1/2 . Such restrtictions, imposed by the kind of interaction and the nature of states, are called selection rules. 2 The ESR setup Description of the ESR Spectrometer A block diagram of the ESR Spectrometer is given in the ? gure above. Basic circuit The ? st stage of the ESR circuit consists of a critically adjusted radio frequency oscillator. This type of oscillator is required here, so that the slightest increase in its load decreases the amplitude of oscillation to an appreciable extent. The sample is kept inside the tank coil of the oscillator, which in turn, is placed in the 50 Hz magnetic ? eld generated by the Helmholtz coils. At resonance, i. e. when the frequency of oscillation becomes equal to frequency corresponding to the energy splitting of the sublevels, the oscillator amplitude registers a dip due to the absorption of power by the sample.This obviously, occurs periodically four times in each complete cycle of the supply voltage of the magnetic ? eld. The result is an amplitude modulated carrier which is then detected using a diode detector and ampli? ed by a chain of three low noise, high gain audio-frequency ampli? ers to suit the input requirement of any oscilloscope. Highly stabilized and almost ripple free power supply for the above circuit is obtained using an integrated circuit regulator. Phase shifter This can compensate the undermined phase di? erence which may be introduced in the ampli? cation stages of the spectrometer and oscilloscope. 0 Hz sweep unit A 50 Hz current ? ows through Helmholtz coils which provides a low frequency magnetic ? eld to the sample. As the resonance is observed at a few gauss only, no static magnetic ? eld is applied. R. F. Oscillator It is a transistorised radio frequency oscillator suitable for the determination of resonance frequency. Frequency range: 10 MHz to 18 MHz Accuracy: Better than 0. 5 % The Sample The sample used in our ESR setup is diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). It is a widely used standard in ESR experiments. The structure of this organic molecule, shown in the ? gure, contains three benzene rings.Its important feature is that it contains a single unpaired electron, whose orbital angular momentum is 3 O2N N N NO2 O2N zero. So, the electron has only the spin angular momentum, and the material gives a g? factor which is close to 2. 0038. One thus has to deal with the simple situation where j = 1/2, and only two sublevels are involved. In conventional spectrosco py, absorption intensity is plotted against the frequency of radiation to get the absorption spectrum. In the present case, one should obtain a single abosorption geB peak at frequency ? = ( j ? i )/? , which is nothing but ? = 2mc . However, in this setup it is h di? ult to vary the frequency of radiation. So, what is done is that the frequency of radiation is ? xed at some ? 0 , and the normally static, magnetic ? eld is swept between the positive and negative extremes of a maximum ? eld value. This is done by supplying an alternating current to the Helmholts coils which are supposed to generate the magnetic ? eld. During the AC cycle, 2mc whenever the strength of the magnetic ? eld (+ve or -ve) becomes equal to B0 = ? 0ge , there is a resonance condition, and radiation is absorbed. Origin of four peaks In this experiment, the CRO is used in the x-y mode.The signal from the AC source, which supplies current for the magnetic ? eld, is fed to the X plates of the CRO, and the absorpt ion signal is B fed to the Y plates. The point on the extreme right on the CRO 2 4 3 1 screen represents the maximum positive value of the ? eld, and the point on the extreme left represents the maximum negative value ? B of the ? eld. The point at the center represents zero ? eld. Without Time the Y-plates, the point on the CRO screen goes from maximum negative value to zero, and the maximum positive value, and then back again to the mimimum value.As one can see from the ? gure, the ? eld strength becomes B0 four times in one single sweep cycle. 0 0 0 Now if the absorption signal is fed to the Y-plates, whenever the ? eld strength becomes B0 , the Y-axis will show a peak. So, one should see four peaks corresponding to points 1,2,3,4 in the ? gure. But one can see that on the X-axis of the CRO screen, points 2 and 3 are the same, because they correspond to the same value of the ? eld B0 , and points 1 and 4 are the same because they correspond to the ? eld ? B0 . So, the four peaks should overlap such that only two are visible.However, the absorption signal passes through some electronic circuitry before being fed to the Y-plates of the CRO, so it very di? cult to make sure that no phase change occurs in the process. If there is a small phase di? erence between the AC signal on the X plates and the signal on the Y plates, when points 3 and 4 are traced, the peaks do not overlap with those at 1 and 2. So, in practice one would see four peaks. If one has a way of changing the phase of, say, the Y signal, one can adjust the phase manually so that the four peaks merge into two. Getting the numbersWe have the control over the current that is passing through the Helmholtz coils, and this can also be measured. But what we actually need for our calculation is, the magnetic ? eld B applied to the sample. Let us ? rst calculate the magnetic ? eld through the Helmholtz coils. This can be done easily 4 using the Biot-Savart law. B =  µ0 4 5 3/2 I N , r where:  µ0 = 4? ? 10? 1 (cgs units) N = number of turns in each coil. r = the radius of the Helmholtz coils in cm (which is equal to their separation when they are properly arranged). I = current passing through the coils.The value of B is obtained in gauss. As the current is measured by an AC ammeter, the value of the current, and thus the ? eld, is the r. m. s. value. The peak value of the ? eld will be given by v v 8 2 I N . Bmax = 2B =  µ0 v 125 r Suppose the peak value of the ? eld (= Bmax ) corresponds to P divisions from the center on the x-axis of the CRO screen. Then if Q be the distance of the observed resonances from the center (in the units of divisions), the ? eld corresponding to the resonance will be given by: B0 = Q But the resonance condition is given by: B0 = h ? 0 ? , g µB Bmax P hich can be used to determine the value of g, once B0 is known. Now, for a ? xed ? 0 , B0 is ? xed, although one can vary the current I and get various position of the absorption peaks. Let us write the expression for B0 and see what is most accurate way to calculate it: v N  µ0 8 2 v B0 = I  · Q. rP 125 The ESR spectrometer is such that P does not vary as one varies I. So, the best way to evaluate the above expression will be to plot a graph between 1/I and Q, and ? nd out the slope, which will give the average value of I  · Q. The ? eld at the absorption peaks can be calulated as: v N  µ0 8 2 v B0 = ? lope of graph between 1/I and Q. rP 125 Procedure Connections Connections are done as follows: †¢ ESR spectrometer and power supply are connected with connecting cables. †¢ Connect the coaxial cable of the induction coil to the oscillator through the socket marked â€Å"input†. 5 †¢ Connect the Helmoltz coils to the power supply terminal marked â€Å"H† coil. †¢ Connect the â€Å"Out-put† terminal marked X, Y, E on the ESR spectrometer to the X plate, Y plate input and ground of the oscilloscope respectively and switch on the osc illoscope. †¢ Connect the power supply with AC mains.Adjustments Adjust the current in the Helmholtz coils at 150 mA. The front panel controls of the ESR spectrometer are adjusted as follows: frequency, detector and phase, all centered. Experimental procedure The X plate of the CRO is callibrated in terms of magentic ? eld as follows: 1. X ampli? er of the CRO is adjusted to obtain the maximum X de? ection (e. g. P divisions. 2. Note the current ? owing in the Helmholtz coils. The magnetic ? eld can then be calculated from the formula for B given before. Number of turn in the coils N = 500 and the radius r = 7. 7cm.The positions of the two peaks of the ESR signal at resonance is measured. Let this be Q divisions from the center. The best possible resonance peaks are obtained by varying the frequency in the range of 12 to 14 MHz and the Y sensitivity of the oscilloscope. The pahse knob is adjusted to coincide one pair of peaks with the other. The current through the coils is the n varied, keeping the frequency ? xed, and the corresponding position of the peaks from the center noted. A graph between 1/I and Q is then plotted and can be used in calculating the g-factor, as described earlier.Repeat the above procedure for di? erent values of frequency. Observations and calculation S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. I(mA) 150 175 200 225 250 275 I(A) 1/I Distance of peaks from center (Q) 10 MHz 13 MHz 15 MHz 17 MHz 2. 4 1. 9 1. 9 1. 9 2. 0 1. 6 1. 6 1. 5 1. 4 1. 4 1. 4 1. 4 1. 2 1. 3 1. 2 1. 2 1. 1 1. 1 1. 1 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 0. 150 6. 667 0. 175 5. 714 0. 200 5. 00 0. 225 4. 44 0. 250 4. 00 0. 275 2. 636 Slope of the graph (= I  · Q) = 0. 282, P = 5, N = 500 r = 7. 7cm,  µ0 = 0. 1 ? 4? ,  µB = 9. 2741 ? 10? 21 , h = 6. 626 ? 10? 27 . v N  µ0 8 2 v B0 = I  ·Q rP 125 v 500 ? . 1 ? 4? 8 2 v ? 0. 282 = 7. 7 ? 5 125 = 4. 657 6 ?0 = 13 MHz 2 1. 8 1. 6 Q 1. 4 1. 2 1 0. 8 3. 5 4 4. 5 5 1/I 5. 5 6 6. 5 7 g = h? 0  µB B 0 6. 626 ? 10? 27 ? 13 ? 106 = 9. 2741 ? 10? 21 4. 657 = 1. 9944 Precautions 1. The direction of the Helmholtz coils should be preferable adjusted so that the ? eld is perpendicular to earth’s magnetic ? eld, which is about 0. 3 Gauss. 2. Setup the experiment at a place free from electric and magnetic ? elds and mechanical disturbances. 3. Y-output from the ESR spectrometer should be through a good shielded cable. 7

Case Study A Global Investment Marketing Essay

Case Study A Global Investment Marketing Essay A global investment is a difficult mission that requires the assessment of different aspects of potential opportunities in different countries. Moreover, needs serious examination and analysis of success and failure probability. The purpose of this paper is to study the strategy of Etisalat, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) telecommunication company in the Saudi Arabia market as Mobily. Moreover, description, cause and effect of that strategy will be discussed at understand Saudi’s economy and to identify the total investment in the mobile sector. In addition, an attempt to examine the performance of Mobliy and the obstacles it faced was made. A specially, the difficulty it faced when it started the business in the Saudi market while trying to catch a part of mobile phone market share, managing its business and communicating with its mother company in the UAE. To overcome these obstacles, Mobily created new services for personal and companies to add value for its subscribers to achieve its strategy target. To explain its success in Saudi’s market, some business information will be discussed evaluating its strategy. Table of Contents: 2- Etisalat’s globalstrategy 3-SAY GOODBYE TO THE MONOPOLY 4-Mobily Ownership Structure 5-Mobily Objectives 6-STRATEGY 7-HAJJ EFFECT ON PROFITABILITY 8-INFRASTRUCTURE 9-Effect of macro-environmental and micro-environmental on Mobily’s marketing mix 2- Etisalat’s globalstrategy Etisalat is the largest Arab telecommunications firm in the Middle East, with 63 million customers and has launched the most advanced services to the area.( http://www.etisalat.ae) Etisalat’s strategy is anchored in expanding in international markets and being able to be one of the top-10 telecom’s service suppliers in the world. To execute this strategy, Etisalat attempts actually to create the retail of mobile devices around some states in Africa, Asia and the Middle East as Saudi Arabia and Egypt because thes e countries have shown an increase in GDP, great increase in population and unemployment and Etisalat try to present telecom services and solutions which add value to consumers and facilitates perfect deal with technology. 3-SAY GOODBYE TO THE MONOPOLY In 2004, the only mobile operator was Saudi Telecom Company (STC). At the same time, the mobile penetration rate just was 40%,and there were only 9.2 million customers. When Mobily entered Saudi market in 2005, broke the monopoly. The liberalization of the Saudi Arabian telecommunication sector caused the penetration rate to rise to 109% in 2007, to  assure  of 50% for customers growth. Mobily paid 3.46 billion USD to have the second mobile license in KSA in 2005. Mobily was successful in covering most of Saudi Arabia’s land with the GSM coverage 97% of populated areas. It was also the first mobile Saudi operator to  initiate  value-added services such as location-based services (LBS) and MMS. 5-Mobily Objectives To be the best work environment in the KSA by caring for their employees. To be Number One at enjoyment their subscribers. To sustain leadership in data applications and services 6-STRATEGY Mobily is successful attainment its long term vision: to change from a pure mobile operator to a multi-functional telecom operator in KSA. Mobily was granted approval by CITC (Communication and Information Technology Commission) to attained 96% of Zajil International Telecom and 99.9% of Bayanat Al Oula which has a WIMAX license, two data service suppliers in KSA in 2008. Mobily is managing the cost of existing operations when its purchase of a 66.6% stake from the Saudi National Fiber Network (SNFN) which substitutes the use of STC’s international gateway network. The incomes of the SAR2 billion capital increases are used for funding or upgrading. (http://www.mobily.com.sa)

Lord of the flies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Lord of the flies - Essay Example Towards the end, the shell is crushed and this is used to show the lack of order. Piggy’s glasses are another important symbol in the story. Clearly, he is one of the most intelligent and rational boys in the novel. His glasses represent his intelligence and the important role that science plays in our lives. It is used to start the fire at the beginning of the novel that is meant to draw attention to them (Golding, 76). Later on, Jack’s group attacks Ralph’s group and they steal these glasses. This leaves the group fragile as they can no longer light a fire. The boys believe that there is a beast on the island. This imaginary beast shows the savage nature that is deep within all humans. Everybody is scared and the only person who realizes that the fear of the beast is within each of us and in reality it does not exist. As their level of animosity increase, so does their belief in the beast. Their behavior is what makes the beast a reality among

Human Resource Management of eBay in China Essay

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Enron & Sox Corporate Governance - Essay Example The evidence adduced from the different case studies point to the fact that the company sought to build a false image of growth and performance in order to give an impression about its stature, which would be used to deceive the shareholders (Hanilton, 2003). The deliberate manipulation of the company’s balance sheets was meant to sustain its image as one of America’s rapidly growing companies that had stepped out of the conventional ways of doing business to engage new and revolutionary practices that were apparently effective (Topping, 2005). Various factors played together towards the eventual collapse of the firm. Many of these forces were structural while others were strategic (Topping, 2005). Other analysts have pointed to the fact that the macro-economic and micro-economic factors contributed to the eventual collapse of the firm. It might be argued that some of the actions and strategies initiated by the different managers of the firm eventually developed into mu ltiple challenges that led to the collapse of the firm (Hanilton, 2003). Market forces, cultural differences, financial strategies and other factors worked together to contribute to factors that systematically brought down a firm that analysts had endorsed as a model of growth. Fraud and Inside Trading Under the stewardship of Jeff Skilling, Enron manipulated its accounting records so that they did not reflect its liabilities (Hanilton, 2003). ... Critics have often pointed at this as acts of intimidation and outright unprofessionalism. Through such practices, the company sued several lawyers and the media, which attempted to reveal the true nature of the company (Kluyver, 2009). Another feature of corruption in the company involved the posting of profits and losses in entities that were off-shore. There was also the deliberate concealing of affiliate firms that made losses while only including those firm that were fairly successful. As such the entire financial position of the company was a misrepresentation of facts. From another dimension, there was rampant inside trading at the company. The management of the company gave away confidential and privileged information to firms that had special relation to Enron and other firms that were related to the management (Hanilton, 2003). As a result of these preferential inside trading practices, Enron had adverse effects on trading practices of the American corporate sector. Analyst s have pointed out that the culture of Pride, arrogance and intolerance were to blame for the managerial challenges and unprofessional conducts that affected Enron (Gibney, 2005). According to the same analysts it took sixteen years to build their assets from 10 to 65 billion but only 24 days to go bankrupt. The culture of managerial arrogance was also attributed to the fact that most of the personnel at the institution were former nerds, and that they sought popularity by compromising on ethics and professionalism to achieve their goals. While stepping out of the traditional forms of business management and organizational strategies, the firm did not adequately engage with the internal challenges of dissent and the cultural challenges of initiating new

Intro to third sector, non-profit organization, look at the assignemnt Essay

Intro to third sector, non-profit organization, look at the assignemnt and you will understand - Essay Example er to ensure that their performance is in complete alignment with the needs of the society, there is a need for an effective and transparent governance framework in organizations. This need for effective governance in NPOs gave rise to a new and rigid concept termed as ‘social governance’ which caters to not only ensure the legitimacy of the organization but also takes into consideration the expectations of shareholders as well as emphasizes on reducing he conflict between the stakeholders in order to enhance the decision making process thereby forming a good management – board relationship. Several definitions of governance have been explained by modern day researchers. Some define it as the characteristic of the board, the management and the relationship between them. Whereas others explained that, it is a system by means of which organizations are controlled and directed (Anheier, 2005). According to Cornforth (2010), governance can be defined as the framework which ensures a definite direction towards objective, proper control and accountability of an organization. It influences the performance of an organization which is very closely interlinked with the idea of stewardship. In light of these definitions, a NPOs governance framework can be explained in a way, where the locus of the governance is the board, and that of the management is the chief executive officer (Anheier, 2005). In a NPO, the board holds the key responsibility for governing the fact that the organization performs staying true to the mission thereby ensuring overall welfare of the organization itself. It is responsible for generating important sources of support in terms of finance thereby playing a boundary spanning role in the open system aligning the nonprofit to its community and... Personal Reflection Having explored well researched sources like Verschuere & Beddeleem (2013), Anheier (2005), Cornforth (2010), Worth (2013) and Barros & Nunes (2007), covering the topic of discussion, it can be concluded that my personal reflection is in complete alignment with the issues covered in the literature. As has been explained by Barros and Nunnes (2007), effective governance is an essential factor which contributes significantly to the performance of the nonprofit sector. Several variables attribute to the performance of a CEO of a nonprofit organization such as the organization performance variables, individual variables as well as the board composition variables. The presence of a robust governance framework will ensure that the organization is not being dominated by a single personality thereby preventing any issues of conflict of interests between the stakeholders. The author also concluded that a CEO pay and incentives also affect the performance of the organization. Having worked for a nonprofit organization (educational sector) for 2 years, I can say that robust governance framework is of utmost importance to the performance of the organization. The governing board and the management should have a clear understanding of the intricacies outlined under the governance framework in an NPO in order to ensure a smooth performance thereby satisfying the needs of both the organization and stakeholders. The governing board should cater to reduce any probability of conflict of interest between its stakeholders as it might prove to be an obstruction in the path of the organization’s progress. In addition to that, institutional governance being a traditional form of governance role in an NPO is a key factor ensuring proper decisions on polices and strategies, proper performance evaluation, management and accountability (Campbell & Hushagen, 2002).

Economics of Sports Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economics of Sports - Article Example The research question authors want to address is whether the assessment of skills for baseball players’ market was revoltingly ineffective as stated by Lewis in his book (Hakes & Sauer, 173). The methods used in examining the research question include theoretical and empirical approaches. The theoretical approach is used since the method involves a theoretical system that analyzed reasons why baseball players’ market failed to be productive. On the other hand, an empirical approach is used since the method involves existing elementary econometric tools and data that determines the progress of market for baseball players to determine the research objective. The core conclusion the authors reached in their research is that baseball players’ market was ineffective in the beginning of 21st Century because of improper evaluation of aptitude and skills.   The thing they did exceptionally well is stating ways field of sports economics can maximize their profits and advance their performance (Rosner & Kenneth, 361). The biggest criticisms of the paper include; failure to find effective methods of collecting data for the research; and the demography used was ineffective in explaining the main idea put across since some contradicted. In addition, the paper focused only on singular sport rather than using other sports to find an apt solution for the research question.   Lastly, the authors would have included an effective way of conducting an resourceful research by including methodology, results, discussion, and recommendation on the hypothesis.   

Capitalism vs. Communism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Capitalism vs. Communism - Essay Example This was later followed the trade prosperity of European trade and agricultural revolution. Influential figures in capitalism included Medici of Florence, Karl Marx, Adam Smith, Jacques Coeur, Marco Polo, and Anthony Giddens. Communism on the other hand can be traced back to the early Christians and religious groups, the golden age in Greece, the manorial system in the middle ages, and modern communism. The influential people in communism include Sir Thomas More of England, Gerrard Winstanley, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Lenin, Emmanuel Kant, and Jean Jacques. Finally, the influence of the respective philosophers’ in the modern day and age is explained. Keywords: Communism, Capitalism, Christians, Trade, Agriculture Revolution, Private Property, Lending, Profits, Labor, Demand, Supply, Resources, Community, Competition, Land, Government, Economic, Philosophers What is Capitalism? It is a system that continues to be practiced in the world, despite its lack of a standard defini tion. Basically, it is a political and economical system with an ideology of the market (supply and demand) being at the core of the single system of economic governance (Scott, 2009). Individuals can own economic resources as properties from which more wealth can be generated upon investment and production. Competition for resources is spurred up by the system, creating more wealth and capital, and facilitating personal growth and development. In a broad perspective, â€Å"capitalism is organized such that produced goods and services, down to the least basic necessities of life, are produced for valuable exchange, where even human labor-power is a commodity for sale in the market, and where the market determines all economic actors † (Wood, 2002, p. 6). Capitalism thrives in the event of competition, individualism, and where a system of checks and balances exist to achieve benefits in the marketplace and retain their market share. Origin of Capitalism and Influential People in Capitalism The periods during the18th and 19th century are marked by many as the time of the emergence of capitalism. However, the previous centuries show some aspects of the conception of capitalism. During these earlier periods, the emergence and advancement capitalism can be explained through the accounts of historical developments of human activities in search for development, acts of earlier exchanges, more production, and success through wealth creation. Since capitalism is embedded on creating more wealth, the idea of usury earlier established in the middle age and as practiced by the people introduced the act of lending at interest for more profits. Although rejected by the church during the period, it in practice indicated that given the opportunity, capitalism would have thrived earlier in the period (Backend, 2010). These acts during the time can be said to be roots of capitalism. Another kind of activity that relates to capitalism due to creation of wealth was the pro sperity of Europe through trade with other continents. The 13th and 14th centuries are recorded as the successful periods of trading activities between the trading partners (Afro-Euro-Asia, Europeans, Arabians, Chinese and the Mongols), where merchants and other traders risked their resources to purchase more resources that they would later exchange for other

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Business and society are interdependent. The wellbeing of one depends on the wellbeing on the other. Companies engaged in CSR are reporting benefits to their reputation and their bottom line. We cannot build the case for CSR solely because of its economic benefits an ethical case must be made for companies taking responsibility for the impact of their relations with society and the environment, otherwise the foundations of CSR will be far too narrow. However, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming an increasingly significant category by which a companys reputation is evaluated. A variety of social and environmental issues across a broad spectrum of industries have recently been covered in the media all of which directly affect a companys reputation and all of which can be considered part of the larger CSR equation. Whether CSR is considered merely the latest trend in business management or whether it is laying the foundation for a newly advanced way of doing business, a brief overview of recent business news and corporate communications shows that CSR is certainly a relevant factor for how a company positions itself in the marketplace. CSR There is no universally agreed statement of just what CSR means and implies, and ideas on the subject are still developing. All the same, a common body of policy has now taken shape and won general approval among those who favors the approach. According to this way of thinking, a combination of recent changes on the world scene and pressures from public opinion now requires businesses to take on a new role, a newly defined mission. They should play a leading part in achieving the shared objectives of public policy and making the world a better place. In doing so, they should embrace the notion of corporate citizenship. They should run their affairs, in close conjunction with a group of different stakeholders, to pursue the common goal of sustainable development. Sustainable development is said to have three dimensions-economic, environmental and social. Hence, companies should set objectives, measure their performance, and have that performance independently audited, in relation to all three. They should aim to meet the triple bottom line, rather than focusing narrowly on profitability and shareholder value. All this applies to privately owned businesses in general and in particular to large multinational enterprises. Only by acting in this way can companies respond to societys expectations. Making such a positive response is presented as the key to long-run commercial success for individual corporations in todays world. This is because profits depend on reputation, which in turn depends increasingly on being seen to act in a socially responsible way. Thus taking the path of CSR will in fact be good for enterprise profitability: it will bring and sustain support and custom from outside the firm, and make for greater loyalty and keenness from its employees. To embrace corporate citizenship represents enlightened self-interest on the part of business. There is also a wider dimension, going beyond the individual corporation. The adoption of CSR by businesses generally is seen as necessary to ensure continuing public support for the private enterprise system as a whole. Corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility is necessarily an evolving term that does not have a standard definition or a fully recognized set of specific criteria. With the understanding that businesses play a key role on job and wealth creation in society, CSR is generally understood to be the way a company achieves a balance or integration of economic, environmental and social imperatives while at the same time addressing shareholder and stakeholder expectations. CSR is generally accepted as applying to firms wherever they operate in the domestic and global economy. The way businesses engage/involve the shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, governments, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and other stakeholders is usually a key feature of the concept. While business compliance with laws and regulations on social, environmental and economic objectives set the official level of CSR performance, CSR is often understood as involving the private sector commitments and activities that extend beyond this foundation of compliance with laws. From a progressive business perspective, CSR usually involves focusing on new opportunities as a way to respond to interrelated economic, societal and environmental demands in the marketplace. Many firms believe that this focus provides a clear competitive advantage and stimulates corporate innovation. CSR is generally seen as the business contribution to sustainable development, which has been defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, and is generally understood as focusing on how to achieve the integration of economic, environmental, and social imperatives. CSR also overlaps and often is synonymous with many features of other related concepts such as corporate sustainability, corporate accountability, corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, corporate stewardship, etc. CSR commitments and activities typically address aspects of a firms behavior (including its policies and practices) with respect to such key elements as; health and safety, environmental protection, human rights, human resource management practices, corporate governance, community development, and consumer protection, labor protection, supplier relations, business ethics, and stakeholder rights. Corporations are motivated to involve stakeholders in their decision-making and to address societal challenges because todays stakeholders are increasingly aware of the importance and impact of corporate decisions upon society and the environment. The stakeholders can reward or punish corporations. Corporations can be motivated to change their corporate behavior in response to the business case, which a CSR approach potentially promises. This includes: 1)Stronger financial performance and profitability (e. g. hrough eco- efficiency), 2)Improved accountability to and assessments from the investment community, 3)Enhanced employee commitment, 4)Decreased vulnerability through stronger relationships with communities, 5)Improved reputation and branding. Historical context The view that a business can have obligations that extend beyond economic roles is not new in many respects. Throughout recorded history, the roles of organizations producing goods and services for the marketplace were frequently linked with and include political, social, and/or military roles. For example, throughout the early evolutionary stages of company development in England (where organizations such as the Hudson Bay Company and the East India Company received broad mandates), there was a public policy understanding that corporations were to help achieve societal objectives such as the exploration of colonial territory, setting up settlements, providing transportation services, developing bank and financial services, etc.. During the nineteenth century, the corporation as a business form of organization evolved rapidly in the US. It took on a commercial form that spelled out responsibilities of the board of directors and management to shareholders (i. e. fiduciary duty). In this later evolutionary form, public policy frequently addressed specific social domains such as health and safety for workers, consumer protection, labour practices, environmental protection, etc. Thus, corporations responded to social responsibilities because they were obligated to comply with the law and public policy. They also responded voluntarily to market demands that reflected consumer morals and social tastes. By the mid-point of the twentieth century, business management experts such as Peter Drucker and being considered in business literature were discussing corporate social responsibility in the US. In 1970, economist Milton Friedmann outlined his view that the social responsibility of corporations is to make profits within the boundaries of societal morals and laws (but cautioned that socially responsible initiatives by corporations could lead to unfocused management directions, misallocations of resources, and reduced market competition, opportunity and choice). CSR emerged and continues to be a key business management, marketing, and accounting concern in the US, Europe, Canada, and other nations. In the last decade, CSR and related concepts such as corporate citizenship and corporate sustainability have expanded. This has perhaps occurred in response to new challenges such as those emanating from increased globalization on the agenda of business managers as well as for related stakeholder communities. It is now more a part of both the vocabulary and agenda of academics, professionals, non-governmental organizations, consumer groups, employees, suppliers, shareholders, and nvestors. Diversity of Perspectives The following summaries of perspectives of different organizations serve to indicate the diversity of views on CSR that exist in Canada and around the world. They reflect the challenges and opportunities for both the public and private sectors to effectively operationalize and align CSR between domestic, continental and international levels. They also indicate the challenges and opportunities to develop the most appropriate relationships between shareholders and other stakeholders as well as to use the optimal policy mix of legislative and voluntary instruments.

English Traves Essay Example for Free

English Traves Essay Plagiarism is one of the most important issues that students have to face in their academic lives. If they are found guilty of committing plagiarism in their works, they can face serious consequences like failure or expulsion from the school. As such, it is important that they learn how to properly cite and acknowledge the works that they lift from other authors and sources. The reading indicates that anything that is borrowed from another work or author must be cited. â€Å"The only types of information that do not require acknowledgment are common knowledge, facts widely available in many sources, well-known quotations, or material you created or gathered yourself † (Author, Year, p. 747). Students must be able to distinguish these things so that they do not make the mistake of plagiarizing. To avoid plagiarism, all they have to remember is to acknowledge anything that they did not write or come up with. There are several ways to document and acknowledge other writers’ works including the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA). These documentation styles allow writers, whether students or professionals, to avoid being accused of plagiarism. Another way to avoid plagiarism is to try writing a piece of work without using any sources. Students should learn how to write their papers using their own thoughts, ideas, and words. Original work is always better to present although some instructors do require their students to perform research so that they would learn more about a particular subject. It should be remembered that no writer wants his or her work to be borrowed and not be acknowledged for his or her effort. In addition, students need to realize that it is better to learn how to cite their sources than suffer the consequences of being accused of plagiarism. Reference Author. (Year). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

Aims And Objectives For An Organisation

Aims And Objectives For An Organisation Researcher will fulfill the aim and objectives of the topic by elaborating the topic in depth as the aim and objective of the topic research is to know about the ways in which the employees motivation could be enhanced by implementing plenty of strategies. This research investigates the factors which effect motivation level of employees related to their behaviours particularly in work environment of corporate culture. The researcher aim is to research and explore the significance of certain motivational factors either intrinsic or extrinsic in satisfying and motivating employees in an organization. At the end the researcher draw some strategies for management department that how these strategies can improve the satisfaction and motivation of workforce. Following are the objectives of this research: To explore the factors which can motivate and satisfy the employees of a private and public organization? To explore the critically understanding about the employees motivation in the light of different theories. To explain the factors which affect some employees more motivated than others to do their job roles efficiently. To discuss the things which make some employees more or less satisfied in their work than others. Literature review Each body has his or her likes and dislike, interests, passions, craves and desires. The main role of the successful manager is to learn how to identify motivates each employee, and how to influence those motives to simultaneously fulfill the goal of the organization, as well as the goals of each employee. Motivation theories There are many theories at motivation given by the different authors that are elaborated below to catch the research topic in depth. The idea that all people have inner driving forces that motivates the people promptly to do certain activities. This is very old idea, in use long before the appearance of what we now call theories of motivation. There was the Hawthorne Studies (1939) which gave new thinking to the new school of management thinking, the human relations movement. The most ideas about it, are that the people have social needs that are as vital as the economic imperative. There are two groups of the theories known as process theory and content theory that are further extended. Content theory assumes that people strives to satisfy of deep rooted needs. While they differ in terms of their assumptions about the relative importance of different needs, it is the craves to satisfy them that is said to energize behavior. Maslow needs theory Maslow work (1954) is based on the assumption that human needs are inexhaustible. As one set of the needs is satisfied the anther set of need come to open in its place which means that needs are arranged in a hierarchy as shown below in the form of pyramid of five levels. Here physiological needs are most basic of all and arise from internal physical imbalance such as hunger, thirst, warmth and shelter. Security needs are promoted by the strong and hard social nature, freedom from pain or destruction, emotional security and well being. Affiliation needs are promoted by the strong security nature. As most of the people enjoy feeling of love, like relation and support from others. Maslow theory has a number of highly important assumptions, two of which have significant implication for the motivation. He argues that different level of needs are universally addressed sequentially that mean the needs are one level will not normally play a vital part in motivation. Strong issues The idea that the hierarchy is universally applicable no account of cross culture difference. It is patronizing and elitist in term of the values it expresses. Maslow ideas have a mystic, metaphysical quality that is largely the result of armchair theorizing and often contradicted by the research evidence. Alderfer ERG theory In 1972, he also introduced the idea of hierarchical ordering but this has only three levels. Existence Relatedness Growth In his theory, different levels are viewed more as a continuum than as discrete categories. He does not measure a sequential progression up the hierarchy, but permits for more than one level to be open or active at same time. Although he suggested that satisfaction of needs at one level will lead to the someone seeking satisfaction at the level above. Issue Alderfer theory has got little empirical testing beyond that done by its author. He argues that the theory could be a more powerful but empirical elaboration of the effects of needs than Maslow ideas (Alderfer 1972). Herzberg two factor theory Motivators link to the factors which are intrinsic in nature like appreciation for a job task done is highly motivating. While hygiene factors referred to extrinsic forces e.g. relationship with colleagues which dont actually relate to the employees actual job. According to Mullins (1993) intrinsic or motivators factors are attach to work content and lack of intrinsic or motivators factors doesnt demonstrate extremely de-motivating or dissatisfying. For that reason, these elements are expressed as motivators or satisfier. The hygiene factors linked to the work conditions. These factors do not direct to the enlarged satisfaction or work participation though, if these factors are not found or absent then the effects will be de-motivation and dissatisfaction for example low wage rates. Because these factors are essential to the extent of no de-motivation or dissatisfaction these are called the hygiene or dissatisfiers factors (Leopold, 2002). According to Rainey (1999) the hygiene or dissatisfiers are the factors which are not directly concerned in motivation of employees but its interesting that these factors are important to give a sound base to beat the employee dissatisfaction and de-motivation. However, its not essential that if we improve the hygiene or dissatisfiers factors that result in motivation. Herzberg represented a theory in the light of employees performances and attitudes which is called Herzbergs two factor theory. Herzberg recognized two categories of factors which influenced the work and motivation. First category of sets called hygiene factors and the other set of factors called motivators factors. Hygiene factors contain employment security, pay, organizational policy, status and interpersonal working relationships. Absence of hygiene factors cause dissatisfaction and de-motivation at work place. Motivator factors include success, development, nature of work it-self, respect, recognition and responsibility. Absence of motivator factors caused motivation and satisfaction (Leopold, 2002). Figure 1 is the pictorial form of these factors as followings. Issues There are some issues allocated by some researcher about Herzbergs theory that the finding gathered from a small number of samples can be generalized to the whole industry. For instance, the outcomes from the research on a small engineering unit could be applied to other professions or not. Other scholars are not happy with the Herzbergs methodology and procedure followed for conducting the research because that research methodology involved individual to consider the critical incidences from their past which make them either delighted or sad. Some other researcher are also not in his favor that Herzbergs theory was not give any clear justification that why some intrinsic and extrinsic factors motivate or satisfy the individual and why influence their work (Rousseau,1997). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation Employee motivation at work can be split up into two kinds on the behalf of classic literature and practical research as one is extrinsic motivation and second is intrinsic motivation (Donovan, 2001). Extrinsic motivation is a form of motivation where employees fulfill its needs and desires through indirect means particularly through the financial compensation, In point of Thomas (2000) view. On the other side, intrinsic motivation come into action when employees behavior is inclined towards the fulfillment of natural psychological desires and needs rather than to attain material incentives (Marks, 2001). In all form of organizations small, medium or even large both extrinsic and intrinsic types of motivation can motivate and satisfy employees to perform their job at work place. However, extrinsic and intrinsic motivations both have very diverse effects on the individual mind-sets, feelings to job performance, passion to complete work and level excellence for performance (Amabile, 19 98). Hoar Rebecca (2004) said that even though the extrinsic motivation can effect in opposition direction to the intrinsic motivation but it also have an emphasizing effect on the intrinsic motivation. Top management to bottom line supervisors, all plays a vital role in formulating the factors which have an involvement on motivational forces (Synder et al, 1997). Administration should have the capabilities to deal efficiently with all kinds and forms of employees motivation if they want to see their organization to progress and growth in future. Employees are extrinsically or intrinsically motivated as a part of their social setup, the form of job and the kind of incentive scheme they are gaining and so on. Gopal (2003) recommended that different people have different capabilities they have to select their career accordingly. Person who have desire for rapid growth and like to use power will most likely be motivated by the kind of jobs that have high ability, job identity, performance impact, independence and feedback. While the other people who are not good in growth and desire strength would not much affected by these feature of their work.

Comparing Marriage Proposals from Mr. Collins and Mr. Darcy from Pride

Comparing Marriage Proposals from Mr. Collins and Mr. Darcy from Pride and Prejudice The story of Pride and Prejudice revolves around a mother of five daughters, Mrs. Bennet, whose sole purpose is to marry off her daughters to suitable men. Jane is the eldest out of the Bennet sisters. Jane is the closest to Elizabeth from the rest of her sisters, this is because they stand on similar maturity levels, and Elizabeth is the second oldest. The main theme of the novel is based on the importance of marriage. It is important because a woman will have to marry a suitable man who can support her when her father passes away, it is equally important to men because it is important for them to keep their social status, they will do this by finding a wife at a suitable age. There are four main marriages in the novel: Charlotte's to Mr Collins, Lydia's to Wickham, Jane's to Mr Bingley, and Elizabeth's to Mr Darcy. The story is follows Elizabeth. Elizabeth Bennet the second oldest of the five daughters. Of her sisters, she has the strongest and most outstanding personality, and this is shown because she is the only one who wants to marry a suitable man whom she also loves. Mr Collins is a relative of the Bennets. Mr Bennet has no sons. Therefore he will have to leave all his possessions to Mr Collins when he passes away. This is why Mrs Bennet is pleased to hear he would like to marry one of her daughters so they will keep the family income. Mr Collins at first is most interested in Jane because of her beauty, but when he finds out that she may be getting engaged to Mr Bingley, he realises he has not got much of a chance with her, so then begins to have interest in Elizabeth. Mr Darcy is a man who comes fro... ... both positive that Elizabeth will accept them and they therefore present themselves in such a manner that this is made obvious. Mr Collins verbally declares this assumption, â€Å"you may assure yourself that no ungenerous reproach shall ever pass my lips when we are married†. Mr Darcy does not openly mention his assurance in Elizabeth’s acceptance but makes it obvious in his manner; she could easily see that he had no doubt of a favourable answer. He spoke of apprehension and anxiety, but his countenance expressed real security. Until Mr Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, neither of them are honest about their feelings towards each other. The novel ends when Mr Darcy and Elizabeth get married, and Jane and Mr Bingley get married, even though they connected from the beginning and did not have as much time as Elizabeth and Mr Darcy did to get to know each other.

Role of the Extended Family :: Sociology, The Family Unit

There are many types of family that exists in today’s society, each important to the upbringing of any children of which may be apart of it. There are many types of family that exists in today’s society, each important to the upbringing of any children of which may be apart of it. Whether due to economic changes, cultural values, the role of caregiver goes beyond mother and father (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). The family unit is as diverse as the societies they each represent. This sometimes can manifest traditional roles of doting mothers and providing fathers into a home with two sets of parents (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). Therefore, the involvement and importance of the extended family: grandparents and other family members such as aunts and uncles play a significant role in both its economic and social function. The family unit is as diverse as the societies they each represent. This sometimes can manifest traditional roles of doting mothers and providing fathers into a home with two sets of parents (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). Therefore, the involvement and importance of the extended family: grandparents and other family members such as aunts and uncles play a significant role in both its economic and social function. The quantitative analyzed data showing family members within the socioeconomic status. A study of families within the Asian society that are poor and from rural areas compared to upper-middle class families (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). The sample comprised of different families consisting of three groups, which shared nuclear, and extended family living arrangements. Each group were given a scheduled of activities that were to be performed by the caregiver to a child. Some of these activates included the daily function of a parental role such as, bathing, feeding and transporting to and from school (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). Data found that fathers in the upper-middle class family, regardless of it being nuclear or extended, were more involved in performing the activities (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). Mothers continued to be the primary caretaker in both extended and nuclear family. In upper-middle class extended families, grandmothers were just a source of support, compared to the poor disadvantaged families where the responsibilities were provided by not just grandmothers but other female members of the family including aunts living under the same roof (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004). In the article findings, it was an important note that grandmothers were more involved in childcare activities than fathers in all groups within the extended family (Kurrien & Dawn Vo, 2004).

Places in Gullivers Travels Essay -- essays research papers

Places In Gulliver's Travels By: Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels has several places that Gulliver visits. In this paper we will take a look a in-depth look at each of the places that Gulliver visits. In my opion Gulliver parelles many places to is home country, England. Lets take a look at the first stop in Gulliver's travels, Lilliput. Lilliput is inhabitited by people who are only six inches tall. Gulliver seems like a gigant. The Liliputians have a structured government and social lifestyles. The government has a senate, officials, a council, and an emperor. The government has several parrells to the England government. Gulliver tells us that these competitions, to choose the officials, who can 'Dance on the Rope', are often the cause of fatal accidents. Flimnap, in fact, would havekilled himself ina recent fall had not one of the king's "cushions" broken his fall. The king's "cushion" represents George I's mistress, who aided Walpole in his return to power after a "fall." Another comparison between Lilliput and England, Reldresal, a Lilliputian government officer. He represents Walpole's successor, he payed Gulliver a special visit. His purpose is to acquaint Gulliver further with domestic and international pol itics, and to enlist Gulliver for assists in protecting their land from invasion, corresponding to the Tories and the treats to France. In Lilliput, the warring parties are the High-Heels , the Tories, and the Low-Heels , the Whigs. Just as George I favored teh Whigs, so the Lilliputian emperor favors teh Low-Heels. Just as George I's successor, the Prince of Wales, indicated favor to both parties, the Lilliputian heir to the throne wears one high heel and one low. Although several things are parralleled to England some things are not the same. They both have punishment system that are based on different ideas, were as the Englandjudiciary system is based on on punishment, the Lilliputians judiciary system has its rewards for following the rules. They also have very stiff punishments for unjustly accusing another of a crime. If at a latter point in time the accused person is fround innocent, the person who wrongfully accused is put to an creul death and the un justly accused is rewa rded materially, and also recieves a title from the emperor. Upon leavin... ...y that is perfectly ordered, perfectly peaceful, except for the Yahoos, and exempt from the topsy-turviness of passion. In thier society there is also no crime, poverty, unhappiness but also their is no joy, passion, ecstatic love. Everything is done on an even keel. The Houyhnhnms are the representation of the perfect human culture. The marriages are arranged and the couples have no more feelings for each other than for any one else. The Yahoos are human-like, and are keep in a kennel, and prohibited from having anything to do with the Houyhnhnms. The Yahoo had arrived on thier island by acident. These people are less civilzed than the Houyhnhnms. They represent the lowest traits in human nature. They are gluttonous, filthy, lascivious, theiving, violentbrutes. Only physically do they resemble civilized people. They started out on the country only two Yahoo, and as they had children and their children had children they also lost the cilivilation and needed to be around other peo ple to stay civilized. In a way this represent the way Gulliver wanted him home country England to be, perfect in its ways. But what would they have done with the Yahoos that they would have incountered?

Immelt: Reinventing General Electric

This case study was part of a strategy assignment taken at the SDA Bocconi School of Management. I’d like to thank my fellows Gouri Wagle, Felipe dell’Oro, Andrea Masina, Paolo Cerchiario, Ashna Suri-Sasmal and myself for the insights that contributed to put through this work. The issue: In September 2009, Ge’s Board of Directors reappointed Jeff Immelt as CEO. My team was asked to prepare a memo providing guidance on the following four qustions: 1. The key features of Immelt’s strategy for GE, in compariso to that of his predecessor, Jack Welch.While Jack Welch was mainly focused on short-term objectives, his successor, Jeff Immelt was more concerned about the long-term strategy. Welch’s leadership was characterized by risky projects that led to technological revolutions, aggressive cost cutting schemes and accurate performance measurements. On the other hand, Immelt emphasized organic growth, technological innovations and exploiting emerging oppor tunities. 2. To what extent has Immelt’s strategy been aligned (a) with developments in the external business environment since 2001 and (b) GE’s resources and capabilities?Jack Immelt’s strategy was very much aligned with the external business development and its key resources and capabilities. External business events that occurred during the period 2001-9 included: the destruction of the Twin Towers, Enron’s collapse, the Tyco International Scandal and the 2008-9 financial crisis which brought to light an increased awareness in corporate governance issues. The investment community believed GE hasn’t been transparent with the sources of their profits and subsequently short GE’s shares. GE was then downgraded from AAA to AA+.GE’s response was two fold with the aim of restoring investor confidence and maximizing their value. Firstly, GE improved communication with investors through more detailed financial reporting. Secondly, GE lever aged on its diversified portfolio in order to exploit strategic synergies that would lead to growth in emerging economies. Some of the initiatives included using brand reputation to gain floor in emerging economies such as India and China. In addition, its massive investments in R&Dresulted in new products such as â€Å"Smart Grid† and sodium battery.GE also exploited itsmanagerial capability to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Consequently, customer satisfaction and coherency within the organization ensued. 3. How well is the strategy performing? Complexity remains a significant challenge for many mega-institutions. The larger and more complex the company, the harder it is to perform extremely well. When Immelt took over from Jack Welch almost 8 years ago (as of April 2009), GE stock was trading at $53 a share. 8 years later, it’s at around $12.The company’s rating was AAA, the best, awarded to only a handful of enterprises, now it’s AA+. Looking at GE’s share price may give the impression the company destroyed value, but a close look at the company’s ROE shows that over the period, GE registered an average 19% ROE, which is quite impressive taking into consideration the company’s exposure to external business environments. Figure 1: GE’s stock against the S&P 500 and Siemens AG (2001-2009) Immelt may have made some mistakes during his tenure as GE’s CEO.GE’s financial arm invested into too risky businesses, including consumer credit cards and real estate. But one should note that before the financial crisis, GE made considerable profits coming primarily from the now-questioned investments in its financial division and no one could have predicted that the financial crisis could have been so pervasive. GE has been investing heavily in R&D and focusing in what it believed would be the business of tomorrow.Since his appointment, Immelt has been busy reshaping GE into one of the world†™s biggest problem solvers through its infrastructure, energy, transportation and health care divisions in a broad, high-payoff scope. Immelt made some smart divestitures. GE got out of subprime mortgages in 2007 and exited insurance before the sector depressed. Though GE Capital unit suffered huge reversals during the financial crisis, it never registered a loss and the company was able to limit its exposure.Overall, if we take into account the dividends GE paid to investors and all the meltdowns that occurred between 2001 and 2008, Immelt’s performance looks respectable and the company external and forward focus strategy may pay-off. 4. Is there a case for a radical change in strategy—specifically, should GE be broken up into a number of more specialized businesses (some of which would be floated as independent quoted companies, others might be sold to existing competitors)? A radical change wouldn’t be a solution for GE’s fate.GE is surely suffering a conglomerate discount because there’s a lack of tangible and intangible interrelationships among some of its business units. The emergence of GE Capital has created another significant business for GE. GE should therefore try to focus on its two core businesses and get rid of what is not related either to the industrial or to the financial businesses. GE Capital should be horizontally integrated to GE’s industrial business. In addition, GE should keep divesting underperforming and non-core businesses unless they create synergies within the conglomerate.GE should divest NBC Universal, the commercial lending and leasing, and the consumer and industrial businesses, which have registered negative growth since 2004. This could provide required capital to invest in high growth businesses. GE’s future as a successful conglomerate depends on its ability to harness cross-selling and cross-promotion between divisions, exploit scale advantages, differentiate itself from its direct competitors, maintain its role as a national champion, and be coherent with its culture and brand. Immelt: Reinventing General Electric This case study was part of a strategy assignment taken at the SDA Bocconi School of Management. I’d like to thank my fellows Gouri Wagle, Felipe dell’Oro, Andrea Masina, Paolo Cerchiario, Ashna Suri-Sasmal and myself for the insights that contributed to put through this work. The issue: In September 2009, Ge’s Board of Directors reappointed Jeff Immelt as CEO. My team was asked to prepare a memo providing guidance on the following four qustions: 1. The key features of Immelt’s strategy for GE, in compariso to that of his predecessor, Jack Welch.While Jack Welch was mainly focused on short-term objectives, his successor, Jeff Immelt was more concerned about the long-term strategy. Welch’s leadership was characterized by risky projects that led to technological revolutions, aggressive cost cutting schemes and accurate performance measurements. On the other hand, Immelt emphasized organic growth, technological innovations and exploiting emerging oppor tunities. 2. To what extent has Immelt’s strategy been aligned (a) with developments in the external business environment since 2001 and (b) GE’s resources and capabilities?Jack Immelt’s strategy was very much aligned with the external business development and its key resources and capabilities. External business events that occurred during the period 2001-9 included: the destruction of the Twin Towers, Enron’s collapse, the Tyco International Scandal and the 2008-9 financial crisis which brought to light an increased awareness in corporate governance issues. The investment community believed GE hasn’t been transparent with the sources of their profits and subsequently short GE’s shares. GE was then downgraded from AAA to AA+.GE’s response was two fold with the aim of restoring investor confidence and maximizing their value. Firstly, GE improved communication with investors through more detailed financial reporting. Secondly, GE lever aged on its diversified portfolio in order to exploit strategic synergies that would lead to growth in emerging economies. Some of the initiatives included using brand reputation to gain floor in emerging economies such as India and China. In addition, its massive investments in R&Dresulted in new products such as â€Å"Smart Grid† and sodium battery.GE also exploited itsmanagerial capability to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Consequently, customer satisfaction and coherency within the organization ensued. 3. How well is the strategy performing? Complexity remains a significant challenge for many mega-institutions. The larger and more complex the company, the harder it is to perform extremely well. When Immelt took over from Jack Welch almost 8 years ago (as of April 2009), GE stock was trading at $53 a share. 8 years later, it’s at around $12.The company’s rating was AAA, the best, awarded to only a handful of enterprises, now it’s AA+. Looking at GE’s share price may give the impression the company destroyed value, but a close look at the company’s ROE shows that over the period, GE registered an average 19% ROE, which is quite impressive taking into consideration the company’s exposure to external business environments. Figure 1: GE’s stock against the S&P 500 and Siemens AG (2001-2009) Immelt may have made some mistakes during his tenure as GE’s CEO.GE’s financial arm invested into too risky businesses, including consumer credit cards and real estate. But one should note that before the financial crisis, GE made considerable profits coming primarily from the now-questioned investments in its financial division and no one could have predicted that the financial crisis could have been so pervasive. GE has been investing heavily in R&D and focusing in what it believed would be the business of tomorrow.Since his appointment, Immelt has been busy reshaping GE into one of the world†™s biggest problem solvers through its infrastructure, energy, transportation and health care divisions in a broad, high-payoff scope. Immelt made some smart divestitures. GE got out of subprime mortgages in 2007 and exited insurance before the sector depressed. Though GE Capital unit suffered huge reversals during the financial crisis, it never registered a loss and the company was able to limit its exposure.Overall, if we take into account the dividends GE paid to investors and all the meltdowns that occurred between 2001 and 2008, Immelt’s performance looks respectable and the company external and forward focus strategy may pay-off. 4. Is there a case for a radical change in strategy—specifically, should GE be broken up into a number of more specialized businesses (some of which would be floated as independent quoted companies, others might be sold to existing competitors)? A radical change wouldn’t be a solution for GE’s fate.GE is surely suffering a conglomerate discount because there’s a lack of tangible and intangible interrelationships among some of its business units. The emergence of GE Capital has created another significant business for GE. GE should therefore try to focus on its two core businesses and get rid of what is not related either to the industrial or to the financial businesses. GE Capital should be horizontally integrated to GE’s industrial business. In addition, GE should keep divesting underperforming and non-core businesses unless they create synergies within the conglomerate.GE should divest NBC Universal, the commercial lending and leasing, and the consumer and industrial businesses, which have registered negative growth since 2004. This could provide required capital to invest in high growth businesses. GE’s future as a successful conglomerate depends on its ability to harness cross-selling and cross-promotion between divisions, exploit scale advantages, differentiate itself from its direct competitors, maintain its role as a national champion, and be coherent with its culture and brand.

Middle School vs. High School Essay

Waking up on the morning of the first day of high school felt like butterflies took over my stomach. I had to put together an impressing outfit, fix my hair, and put on appealing makeup. Knowing that in about an hour I would be entering a totally different school environment than what I’m used to frightened me. Within every period of the school day, the butterflies started to flutter out of my stomach and into my new learning atmosphere. Although students tend to fear high school and think it is a nightmare to transition from middle school to the next level, attending high school is not much of a dramatic change. Before beginning high school, you are required to pick levels that you feel comfortable with that correspond with the school-picked courses. You also have to choose three elective classes. Any of these classes could include Art, Chorus, Intro to Family and Consumer Science, Accounting, Graphic Presentations, and many more. All of your chosen classes receive a letter grade, just like middle school, but the required classes are picked according to your academic capability. For example, if you are the type of student that does not do well scholarly, you would choose a level three class. This option is a great way to do better in school. Also in high school, there are more extracurricular options. High school offers a numerous amount of clubs and sports. From soccer and swimming to ping pong club and French club. If any of the extracurricular activities don’t interest you, you even have the opportunity to create your own club with the help of a teacher. In middle school, your classes are already selected and you cannot change them. These classes are mandatory, just like high school, but everyone learns at the same level. This can be a disadvantage for students who take longer to process than others. Also, in middle school, you cannot create your own clubs. The sports and clubs the school provides are your only selections. Transitioning to high school is a big eye opener especially because of the people. Guys have facial hair and girls are more matured. High school goes hand in hand with many different kinds of people and different types of cliques as well. Some examples are jocks, nerds, populars, druggies, and gays. In middle school, there were less people making everyone familiar with each other. Some being naive and inexperienced, they are not used to seeing different types of people. Overall, high school is a lot bigger. Not only is there a downstairs, but an upstairs as well and there are many more hallways. Even though classes are farther apart, there is more time in between classes. In fact, three minutes more than middle school. This allows time to go to your locker before a class and you can even stop to talk in the hallways. Since middle school allowed only two minutes in between classes, you had to be quick with exchanging books. In high school, you can take your time and arrive to class on time. The transition to high school is a big step in education, but it does not have to be a feared one. A new environment brings with it new challenges and worries, however, after awhile you will realize it wasn’t much of a striking change as you thought.

Are you doing Hard work or Smart work?

Dr. S. B. Kishor and Swapnil M. BhagatThese days, working smart is a talk of town. If you only work hard, you may not land where you want to be always. If you want to achieve success, you need to work ‘Smart'. So, isn't it important to work hard?A story of two woodcutters arguing which of them will cut more woods during a day is pertinent to explain the above point. First they worked at one speed. But in an hour one of them has heard, that the other one stopped cutting trees. They were working almost synchronously, when the first woodcutter heard that his opponent has stopped again. The first woodcutter continued working, feeling the smell of victory. This lasted all day long. Each hour one of the woodcutters stopped for ten minutes and the other one continued to work. When time expired, the first woodcutter, who worked without any stopping, was absolutely sure that he won the prize. He was very surprised to know that was mistaken. How did that happen? He asked his partner. Each hour I heard that you have stopped the work for ten minutes. How could you cut more trees than I? It's impossible! It is very simple, in fact, answered the second woodcutter. Each hour I stopped the work for ten minutes. And when you were cutting the trees, I sharpened the axe.The gist of above story is simple, smart workers always take small pauses but they use these pauses to sharpen their axes. Working hard and working smart are two different things. Smart work teaches you to be more productive with your time. If you are happy with your current level of success, then smart work will surely allow you the luxury of not having to work as hard as you otherwise would. But if you want to reach the pinnacle of success in your chosen field, then smart work alone won't really help. Many people think that hard work goes largely unnoticed. They believe that unless you are ‘smart' about letting others know that you are working hard, you remain a drudge. They call hard work a kind of drudgery. They are more interested in letting the ‘boss' know that they are working hard.Hard Work is when one does some work dedicatedly. Smart work is when someone does the same amount of work, but faster and more efficiently. You must give it your all from the moment you wake up to the moment you go to sleep. While this is true, it can also be said that someone might be able to do the same amount of work in less amount of time, by working smarter and more efficiently i.e. the most important trait of the smart worker is his ability to do work differently. And working differently means working smart. Rightly said by Shiv Khera:†Winners don't do the different things but they do the things differently.†Smart workers believe in Specific, measurable, attainable, result oriented and time bound work and therefore they are called smart as they believe in doing the things differently as compare to normal approach followed by most. In short, Smart workers use new techniques and tools in order to improve productivity. Many people work hard, but only a few become really successful. This clearly tells that smart work really makes the difference.Smart workers do believe more in creative work. They can manage and handle even the worst situations bravely and always follow never to give up attitude. Hard workers believe in doing their work without any complaints. Smart workers always look at the brighter side of life. Smart workers are experts in managing time. And as someone said rightly that a person, who can manage time, can manage everything very well. Smart workers do create the opportunities not only for themselves but also for the others. Smart workers are innovative and bold. They believe in accepting new challenges and accomplishing the tasks skilfully. Smart workers have control over themselves and so they can control the external world. If you fail to control yourself then you will be controlled by others. One has to be mentally strong enough to control oneself to do this diligently. Hard workers get mentally strong by doing their work regularly and earnestly. Smart workers never wait for the right time to come rather they make the best use of everything at every time. To succeed in life, one has to always keep moving forward. How apt it is to quote Martin Luther King Jr's thought provoking words: â€Å"If you can't fly then run, if you can't run then walk, if you can't walk then crawl, but whatever you do you have to keep moving forward.† Smart workers do follow this mantra of moving forward in spite of all the hurdles they face on their way. This positive attitude of moving forward makes smart workers in real sense smart. If you really want to succeed in life then do not forget that there is no short cut to success. No doubt you will have to be work harder but smart worker is the one who will be able to achieve more within the limited time and resources at his disposal. Few tips to become a smart worker:Have a Definite Goal and Narrow Down on Your Focus until achieved.Have Frequent Appointment within YourselfBuild only on your strength and Work around Your Weaknesses.Go on vacations and Practice giving yourself RewardsDo not procrastinate your responsibilities as every new responsibility gives an insight to do the things in a rejuvenated manner. Start observing the things how people are doing each work and think the way you can have done the same work in a better manner. Create a Good Working Space around You.ConclusionRemember, we can't do smart work without doing hard work at same time. Of course, you have to be ‘Smart' about working hard especially in Corporate life and in all strategic decision making processes, but at the same time one should not also forget the importance of hard work in our life. Just being smart or working smart is only half of the real story. Smart work is about making the right strategy, about following a disciplined work culture. Hard work translates your vision and ideas into results. The fact remains that hard work and smart work must go hand in hand to be successful.Dr. S. B. Kishor ; Swpanil M. BhagatSardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, [email  protected]@gmail.com

Hereford Plays series Essay

After the complex events of the scene before, Marco jumps in to try and regain his brother’s dignity. This is his family and he cannot let Rodolpho be disgraced like that or be hurt; whether it was just a stagger or not, Eddie was out of order and Marco won’t allow it. As Catherine and Rodolpho dance, Marco discusses a ‘friendly’ challenge: ‘Marco takes a chair and places it in front of Eddie’. Eddie has to lift the chair as far up as he can with one hand holding it by the bottom of one leg. As Eddie kneels and grasps the leg he lifts it by an inch whereas when Marco tries it he lifts it all the way above his head. This simple action obviously had a motive behind it: to warn Eddie to lay off his brother but Eddie consciously knows that he won’t give up that easily. Marco has shown that Eddie may think he’s more of a man than Rodolpho but Marco is more of a man than Eddie; this event has generally shamed Eddie in his home, which is something this character feels very strongly about as the head of the household. The scene needs a sense of oppositon and competition. In order to emphasise what is to be a true test of strength, the onlookers (Rodolpho, Catherine and Beatrice) need to have complete awareness and support of Marco’s triumph. In this scene you have to visually compare the failure of Eddie in comparison to the triumph of Marco. While Marco is lifting the chair he is struggling and the tension in his neck, face, arms and especially his facial expression is needed to portray not just victory of lifting the chair but the victory of putting Eddie to shame and gaining some respect for his brother. This scene is a turning point in the story because Eddie now knows that if he wants Rodolpho out of his life he’ll may have to take even more extreme measures and the battle has turned from not just putting Catherine off of Rodolpho but to get these immigrants out of his house. It’s important for its visual impact on the audience because its dramatic actions of a fight for strength and self-dignity turns the whole generalisation of the story from a happy family get-together into a potential ‘crime against his (Eddie’s) family and the Sicilian community’ (as quoted from synopsis/pri cis of the book). Its also important because it shows Marco’s justified slyness; justified because he has dishonoured Eddie but only in retaliation to Eddie taking advantage of Rodolpho. As soon as Marco said â€Å"Here†¦ † and started to lift the chair it is the beginning of Eddie’s slowly increasing shame and disgrace. The victory celebration should idealistically be a smiled expression (from Marco) as if to imply to Eddie that no-one messes with his brother or else they’ll answer to him. As director I would issue the following instructions: Catherine: you’re enjoying your dance with Rodolpho and you are nai ve as to what might be going on with Eddie and Marco so keep off guard and treat the situation as though its just a bit of fun between them. Beatrice: you have realised that Eddie feels discomforted at the weak position that he has been put in; however you believed that he deserved it and you are just hoping that Eddie has learned his lesson and will not interfere again. Act supportive at his distress but don’t destroy is ride by talking about it too much (as your character would naturally do) Eddie: you have to accept Marco’s offer very boldly and confidently as Catherine might be watching and you don’t want to back down now. Your facial expression has to show repressed rage at Marco; grind your teeth and be silent to keep your pride, you want everyone else in the room to feel that what has happened doesn’t mean or prove anything so get on as though it didn’t happen although you’re still much aware of the damage that Marco has done Marco: you are proud of what you have accomplished but you’re not going to look like a show off; if you win gracefully it will add to Eddie’s shame which is something you want to do. Your facial expression should say ‘ I’m triumphant and taking it well’ In conclusion, Eddie cares about his family and the responsibilities that come with it. He was strict in the upbringing of Catherine and had the utmost respect for his wife. Even though he made a fool of himself and died just for his name (his dignity) we must recognise he had a strong and defiant will or view that was his own and that he fought to uphold, such as his ‘primitive man’s view’ that there must be a law that keeps Catherine from marrying Rodolpho because he is supposedly a homosexual. The bottom line is Eddie should have settled for half meaning he brought Catherine up and now it was time to let her go. So in the end, Eddie dies to keep his pride and his ‘name’ but doesn’t even gain the audience’s admiration because his actions were unnecessary. As quoted by E. R. Wood, who wrote the introduction in the Hereford Plays series (1975) publication of ‘A View From The Bridge’, â€Å"To be a tragic hero, you do not have to be in the right; you have to be true to yourself. † So Eddie was guilty of destroying the lives of these immigrants and the only honourable way out was to die.