Sexuality at Different Life Stages - 766 Words

Sexuality at Different Life Stages Kimberly Hamsher PSY/265 April 13, 2014 Kimberly Hima Sexuality at Different Life Stages In the case of Ashley, I would assume her therapist would point out all the options she has before deciding if she wants to pursue a sexual relationship with her boyfriend. She should explain the variety of emotions an adolescent girl might feel when a boy or young man shows an interest in her. She should let her know that the word love can sometimes be displaced and confused with feelings such as lust, puppy love or even infatuation. She should let her know that for her young age, those are normal feelings and though they shouldn’t be taken lightly, they should also not be taken advantage of by someone who†¦show more content†¦I think it scares him that he might disappoint Mindy because he’s not a spry as he used to be. Their therapist should point out that while physical and psychological changes occur as they get older, sexual activity can be just as fulfilling if they understand what those changes are. She should let them know that as women get older, they produce less estrogen, vaginal walls lose elasticity, the vagina shrinks, vaginal lubrication decreases after menopause, all of which can make penile entry more painful. However, there are aids to help with these such as estrogen replacement therapy and vaginal lubricants such as KY jelly, which would diminish pain and increase sexual pleasure for both of them. She should point out to Wayne that as men get older, their testosterone levels are lower making it take longer to achieve an erection, and it may take longer to reach orgasm. She should tell them both that these things are a normal part of aging along with the obvious, wrinkles, turning grey and maybe not being as attractive to each other as they used to be, but that doesn’t mean their sexual activity has to cease or be less meaningful. They could try different approaches such as longer foreplay, sexual aids, etc. If they love each other and understand what’s going on with them selves physically then they, including Wayne, could be very satisfied with the outcome. In Bob’s case, the therapist can offer to talkShow MoreRelatedSexuality at Different Life Stages986 Words   |  4 PagesSexuality at Different Life Stages The therapist’s response to Anna Anna you have been having some issues lately regarding having a boyfriend and your mother is concerned that you are not ready for a relationship with an older boy. At this point you think that what you are feeling for your boyfriend is love, but true love is when your partner can understand what you are going through and help you to go through it rather than force you to make a decision now. Maybe you are feeling that if youRead MoreSexuality at Different Life Stages Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pagesbehaviors even prior to birth. Throughout an individual’s life they will experience different stages of sexuality. This paper will address concerns, feelings, and changes that Anna, Tom and Susan, and Bill are experiencing during their specific life stage as well as some coaching ideas and recommendations to aid them through the roadblocks in his or her way so they each can continue to move through the life stages of sexuality. Adolescence Stage Anna is an adolescent girl who has a boyfriendRead MoreSexuality Is An Omnipresent Factor That Affects Everyone809 Words   |  4 PagesSexuality is an omnipresent factor that affects everyone individually in society today. It is a term that can be labeled as different things or meanings. Sexuality is a topic that is understood by all, yet talked by few. Sexuality can be seen as ones capacity for sexual feelings, and their sexual orientation or preference. It is a defining characteristic that is attributed to everyone, and has the power to set aside one from another. When looking at sexuality it is important to understand what itRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Sexuality956 Words   |  4 PagesOne of His most significant outlooks and study was in the sexology field. Sexology had already been constituted as a separate form of enquiry some time before the appearance of Freud’s most important contribution, The three essays on the theory of sexuality (1905) and many of the term s that we tend to identify with Freud, such as libido, component instincts, erotogenic zones, catharsis, autoerotism and narcissism were already in circulation. (Akroterion. 58, 79-96, Dec. 2013) Some have argued that FreudRead MoreGender and Human Sexuality1375 Words   |  6 PagesGender and human sexuality has major importance in lives. This can determine whether a person is healthy or not; not only physically but mentally as well. Also, having a certain gender can change the way feelings are obtain their own character. It is about finding yourself within the gender given and personal human sexuality. Gender can determine actions made by either a male or female called it gender norms. The human sexuality could be defined as thoughts, fantasies, morals, relationship, and attitudesRead MoreThe Struggles And Needs Elderly Lgbt Individuals Face And Its Effect On Their Aging Process1334 Words   |  6 Pagesdo they face discrimination due to their sexuality, but also due to their ag e and/or gender. The intersectionality of sexuality, age, and/or gender can cause many physical, mental, and emotional health issues which require social work intervention. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the struggles and needs elderly LGBT individuals face and its effect on their aging process. This can be achieved by applying theoretical frameworks such as Erickson’s Stages of Development, Intersectionality, andRead MoreAlize Johnson. Mr. Sidney. British Literature . March 27,1280 Words   |  6 PagesAlize Johnson Mr. Sidney British Literature March 27, 2017 Teen Sexuality â€Å"How sexuality, love,and autonomy are perceived and negotiated in parent-child relationships and among teenagers depends on the cultural templates people have available† -Amy Schale, 2010 The controversy over teen sexuality in America seems to be one of the top ranked topics that floods the internet, talk shows, and radio stations. Whether it’s talk about the latest teen pregnancy shows, child pornographyRead MoreThe Sexuality of Adolescent Americans in Juno1555 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sexuality of Adolescent Americans: Juno Abstract Sexuality and sex in America is a complicated subject in that there is little consensus on the topic of sex in, and the American media sends many mixed messages regarding sex and sexuality to everyone, not just to adolescents. Americans are aware of sex primarily through advertising (print media, commercials, etc.) as sex is used to sell anything and everything. The media also bombards Americans with sexuality and sex on television and inRead MoreThe Theory Of Sexuality By Sigmund Freud1654 Words   |  7 Pagestopics evoke so much intrigue and bewilderment, discussion and silence as the concept of sexuality. It has simultaneously been the focus of scientific experimentation and theoretical debate since the emergence of the modern world. Traditional views designate sexuality as purposeful, which is to say that our sexual instinct compels us toward reproduction and the preservation of life. This parallels human sexuality to that of animals, an instinct that is genetically programmed into us for the purposeRead MoreGoffman And Michel Foucault s Theory Of Society And The Unspoken Rule Of Conduct Of Our Everyday Interactions1324 Words   |  6 Pagesnorm has been broken. Sociologist Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault were concerned with the characteristics that make up the structure of society and the importance of the production of social order. Both theorists have used different methods to study the effect of social life in society and the unspoken rule of conduct of our everyday interactions. In this paper I will compare and contrast their influences, focusing on how social order is produced to help us understand the importance of human interaction

Iago Noy The American Dream - 970 Words

Iago Noya The American Dream, all a high schooler has to worry about is getting a car, a job, passing school getting to college. In other countries, people have to worry if they are going to eat today or if they will be killed if they leave their house. If the U.S.A became an apocalypse our civilians wouldn’t see it coming because we’re supposedly in the best country in the world. What people think and miss if we went to war and got bombed and everything we had left was burned ashes. We want to put up walls and restrict people from coming to the U.S. Deport those who want what we have. Is the American Dream really available for everyone? No one seems to care anymore once they live the â€Å"American† life, all that matters is themselves. John†¦show more content†¦This country has shifted from being the top dog of the world now we are looked upon as what we are. Spoiled people who don’t care about the rest of the world living our pretend lives thinking our lives make a difference in our Imperfect Utopia Living in the United States, It’s considered a utopia for the perspective of third world countries. Of course, it’s got it’s flaws, but people here don’t realize how good they have it. The American dream lives on but not for people in this country but in the minds of immigrants trying to reach this place and have a peaceful life. The reality is we take advantage of what we have and honestly careless about other countries only concern is our own lives. Look at your daily thoughts do you ever even come across the idea of helping anyone? No, it’s not your first thought in mind. Like in the song Anema by Tool it says â€Å"Fret for your figure and Fret for your latte and Fret for your lawsuit and Fret for your hairpiece and Fret for your Prozac and Fret for your pilot and Fret for your contract and Fret for your car.† â€Å"Hunger and World Poverty. About 21,000 people die every day of hunger or hunger-related causes, according to the United Nat ions. This is one person every four seconds, as you can see on this display. Sadly, it is children who die most often.† info from poverty.com. Sure everyone knows but how many people will stop at nothing to help them? Even in our own country we have kids starving and people

Ethics Unit Mini Case Free Essays

This case takes place in a large computer operations company. The stakeholders in this case are as follows: Joe, who has been recently promoted to the position of District Manager of Computer Operation. Mary is the Divisional Manager of Information Systems and Joe reports directly to her. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Unit Mini Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now John is the President and CEO of the company and the immediate boss to Mary. The other stakeholders are the general employees of this big company and among them anonymous letter writer. Since this is a computer company, the other stake holders are the customers and the community at large. The Division Manager Mary has received information that the CEO has an anonymous letter from an employee stating that a recently installed expensive system is not performing as expected and has not achieved the expected results. With this information Mary confronts Joe the District Manager about this letter. Earlier on, Joe has already communicated the outlined problems to Mary. Mary being the original supporters of the system has ignored the concerns; instead she had informed the CEO that the machine was operating as expected. Since the John the CEO, has requested a letter from Joe explaining the content of the anonymous letter, Mary instructed Joe to draft a letter and lie that the system is operating as projected and that all savings portrayed in the original justification documents are being achieved. Legal Analysis In this case what Mary is asking Joe to do is illegal since she is asking him to falsify information that has to be represented to the CEO. When she says that the savings portrayed are true she is falsifying information. In this case it does not appear that the company has violated any laws but on the other hand, Mary being the representative of the company is doing an illegal act by asking Joe to falsify the information. Ethical Analysis So far we have learnt that ethics can be described as the study of moral development and moral decision making. Business ethics then refers to the study of moral decision making within the business content which encompasses the survey of good versus bad of right versus wrong. Joe is faced with this dilemma as he has to make a decision that tests his moral ethics. When Mary asks him to lie on his reports, she is putting him in a very hard position. Based on the Categorical Imperative Theory, if Joe’s motive is pure, then his means can be justified. In this case Mary’s demands and ultimatum can make Joe think that he is justified to lie for Mary because if at the end of all this he keeps his position that he has worked had to earn then it is okay. The Utilitarian Theory states that an act is ethical if it produces a greater benefit than the cost. Joe has to analyze if his actions would benefit him or not. For example, he has to look at all angles because if the CEO is to find out that he lied then it could cause him to in a worse position. The Rights Theory according to John Locke (1632-1704) states that individuals had the right to make free choices without governmental interference. These rights are God given. If Joe decides not to listen to Mary and write this draft and tell the truth to the CEO instead it would be his right and the most ethical decision to make. My recommendation for the company is that Mary should own up to the problems that are at hand and tell the CEO that the machine has not operated as she expected and that maybe it was time to look at other alternatives. This is the ethical thing to do as it eliminates dragging Joe into a situation that he did not create. John, the president and CEO, should be able to handle it in a professional way without penalizing but may be asking for solutions from his subordinates. According to Constance Bagley her decision tree provides business leaders with a helpful tool for evaluating the legal and ethical aspects of their decisions. I think Mary and Joe should adopt this strategy because it says for every decision each manager should first ask themselves whether the proposed action is legal and then after that if it is ethical or whether it would be unethical to act to not act. How to cite Ethics Unit Mini Case, Papers

The Causes for the Popularity of Fast Food Restaurants free essay sample

Many things evolve with it. This evolutionary process causes people to remain busy all through the rest part of the day. ~ The busy schedule leaves not time for making food either for breakfast, lunch, or dinner. ~ Restaurants offering fast foods. ~This problem triggered the popularity and rise of fast food restaurants. ~Fast food has never been an issue in the past since people could take their time and prepare food, but nowadays this is not the case. ~ Cheap and affordable food Advertising and promotion Outline In looking at the causes for popularity of fast food restaurant, we are going to enumerate on: Introduction The need to satisfy human wants, people engage in activities that allow them provide for the basic needs. It is these motivational requirements that robe most of the time. Owing to this, people are seeking the most convenient way of utilizing this time. Fast food restaurant come into play an enormous role in being convenient to offer fast foods. We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes for the Popularity of Fast Food Restaurants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In doing so, they go as far as offering fast food that is delicious, affordable, in a hygienic environment by the best services. On top of this, in order to let customers know about their products they advertise and promote it in radios, TV, magazines, and billboards. It is all this that causes for the popularity of fast food restaurants in the society. The explanation of are given below. 1. Convenience. 2. Numerous delicious recipes. 3. Affordable food. 4. Services. 5. Hygiene. 6. Advertising and promotion. Conclusion The popularity of fast food restaurant depends on the aggressiveness of the management and mostly the sales and marketing team. Also the employee’s competence on customer care handling. When all t work harmoniously, the restaurant will cut a competitive edge in the market since it will receive customers’ day in day out. Fast food restaurants play an important role in assisting the population in providing them with needed services. This in turn amounts to boosting the country’s economy indirectly. I therefore encourage entrepreneurs to venture into this type of enterprise because there is ready and available market. Amanda Smith Kimberly Boone English 1101 March 4, 2013 The causes for the popularity of fast food restaurants In the current industrialized and technologically developed global village, there is hardly any time between packed schedules for preparing food. The struggle for better living standards, batter health care, better education, and self actualization are the motivational needs. These are some of the Maslow motivation hypothesis. It is this hypothesis that has forced people to have an inner drive for better things in life. As a result of this, human beings are so occupied such that there is little or no time for preparing food either for breakfast, lunch, or dinner. People resort to restaurants offering fast foods. As a result of the increased number of customers requiring the services of fast foods; a number of entrepreneurs are diverting their investments in this venture. There is growing popularity of fast food restaurants (Clutter, David and Edward). Owing to the busy schedule, people have no time to venture to prepare variety of dishes. Women cannot spare the time to learn how to make varied dishes for the family. The bigger role is played by restaurants. These restaurants prepare a variety of recipes to choose. These foods are delicious. It draws customers to continue frequenting because of the delicious foods. This makes the restaurant popular as a customer will invite other customers to the same place and hence the restaurant becomes popular. Therefore, the types of food that prepared boost the popularity. Nowadays, we see many restaurants striving to cook varied kinds of foods. They do so in order to increase the popularity. There cater for different type segment of the market hence customers are diverse and able to get any food needed (Kuzop, John and Elizabeth). Fast food restaurant come into play an enormous role in being convenient to offer fast foods. In doing so, they go as far as offering fast food that is delicious, affordable, in a hygienic environment by the best services. Therefore, the standards of living are extremely rising up. This is as a result of the advancement in technology and modernisation. This is added by the economic instability facing most countries of the world. The hard economic times that are looming in the global economy people are resorting cheap and affordable food for their up keep. Owing to this, fast food restaurants are turning to being popular since they offer food that is cheap. With only a few dollars, one can get a snack that satisfying and serve the purpose of the day after all the stomach only needs tricking to sustain the day. The fast food restaurants offer a lot of diverse meals at extremely low cost, which cause many people to select these restaurants as their most excellent alternative (Clutter, David and Edward). In order to cope up with stiff competition, managers employ human resource strategies in selecting the best candidates to work in restaurants. It is because of this reason that there is excellent customer service. The employees working in fast food restaurant are customer friendly, respond quickly, and attend to any issue. They go a step further and inform the customer on the varieties of food available and their nutritional contents. It is from here that the customer chooses from the many options offered based on the price of that food. All these services available promote the popularity of that restaurant because customers will go spreading the good services offered there (Clutter, David and Edward). The most expensive human capital is the personal health. People follow the preventive measure than cure and as a result, they look for clean restaurants to purchase food. The cleanliness condition in fast food restaurants is a factor that remains observing. Majority of these restaurants owing to aggressive competition and public health regulations maintain hygienic environments. Human being by nature attract to clean and attractive surroundings. Clean restaurants attract customers, and the positive consequences are that the popularity of the restaurant will increase. This is because more and more customers will flow to the clean and attractive place (Kuzop, John and Elizabeth). Market scrutiny and analysis is a strategy that most business entities or embracing. In order to enter into a market segment and remain at the top, advertising and promotion is one of techniques to adopt. Restaurants employ these techniques. They put adverts on radio, TV, magazine, and billboards. The effect of this is that persuading customers and in the long run may change their perception towards the restaurant. It is through here that food restaurants gain popularity since customers know the food (Kuzop, John and Elizabeth). As a result, the popularity of fast food restaurant depends on the aggressiveness of the management and mostly the sales and marketing team. Also the employee’s competence on customer care handling. When all t work harmoniously, the restaurant will cut a competitive edge in the market since it will receive customers’ day in day out. Fast food restaurants play an important role in assisting the population in providing them with needed services. This in turn amounts to boosting the country’s economy indirectly. I therefore encourage entrepreneurs to venture into this type of enterprise because there is ready and available market.

The Constitution Unity or Disunity Essay Essay Example

The Constitution: Unity or Disunity? Essay Essay The U. S. Constitution is looked upon as non merely a legal bond. but as a consolidative papers that exemplifies the American desire for â€Å"life. autonomy and the chase of felicity. † From 1787. the twelvemonth of its creative activity. until 1850. the Constitution helped to continue these ideals. by governing with the bulk. but protecting the minority. every bit good every bit moving as a symbol of integrity for the turning state. In the decennary before the Civil War. the Constitution’s openness for broad reading every bit good as its deficiency of specificity on sectional issues such as states’ rights and bondage led to the eventual disunion and the Southern sezession. For over 60 old ages prior to the Civil War. the Constitution was able to unite the Nation. After the Democrat-Republicans swept the Federalists of their offices in the Revolution of 1800. the Federalists. in their regard for the regulation of the bulk ( as upheld in the Constitution ) accepted licking and left their places peacefully ( Amsco ) . After Jefferson was elected in 1800. he went on to buy land through a pact with France in the Louisiana Purchase ( 1804 ) and doubled the size of the United States ( Divine ) . This action. although hardly. followed the Constitution in the executive rights it grants. and helped to unite the state by increasing district. patriotism and the spread of democracy. Supreme Court Justice John Marshall instituted judicial reappraisal. which could overrule determinations brought approximately by Congress ; he so used this power to establish domination of the federal authorities above the province authoritiess. as in McCulloch v. Maryland. We will write a custom essay sample on The Constitution: Unity or Disunity? Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Constitution: Unity or Disunity? Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Constitution: Unity or Disunity? Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In go forthing room for reading. the Constitution led many Northern emancipationists to believe it did non make plenty to forestall the enlargement. publicity and being of bondage. The Free-Soilers felt the Fugitive Slave Act ( 1850 ) . the Compromise of 1850. every bit good as Lewis Cass’ â€Å"popular sovereignty. † was coercing bondage upon them. The right to peaceful presentation is protected by the Bill of Rights. nevertheless. this led to the emancipationists promoting force and resistance to local constabulary forces after the Fugitive Slave Act was enacted. The Union was farther threatened because many Northerners felt that the Constitution broke moral and spiritual ideals in its support of bondage. and some even advocated disunion. The confusion over slavery roots from a larger confusion over independent province rights. which some Northerners. like Abraham Lincoln. believed didn’t exist at all. The Constitution’s deficiency of specificity on sectional affairs besides led Southerners to believe that it did non protect their ain rights and involvements. The U. S. Constitution foes non acknowledge or recommend bondage. therefore many Southerners felt that as the minority in the state ( Lincoln was able to be elected without one electoral ballot from the South ) their rights were in danger of being violated. The theory of â€Å"popular sovereignty. † a favorite one in the South. which gave new districts their right to take whether to let bondage besides led to disunity. as it placed provinces rights above federal Torahs and legislative acts. Furthermore. the South believed the Fundamental law to be a compact between provinces. as opposed to a federal authorities of higher power than those of the provinces. and therefore. they felt that if this compact was broken. Southern provinces could splinter lawfully and peacefully. Before sezession. the South even attempted to exercise their power as provinces within a brotherhood. and did so by saying that unless an amendment was added to the Constitution which formalized the legality of bondage the South would go forth the Union The Constitution has been considered mastermind because it is merely a series of via medias that make it acceptable to many. However. its vagueness. which has allowed it to mutate and take new signifier for about 250 old ages. has besides led to many differences about its reading. The chief constitutional concern in the old ages before the Civil War is whether or non provinces could annul Acts of the Apostless of the federal authorities. an issue which was laid to rest in April. 1865. when the North’s triumph over the South proved the might of centralised power.

H.R. Giger essays

H.R. Giger essays Over half a century before the dark subculture of morbidly inclined teenagers began to flourish in America, a young boy in Switzerland named Hans Rudi Giger was building ghost rides in his cellar and drawing deformed children on calendar sheets . Before his time, this artist went against the crowd, daring to be himself and daring to be different. As an accomplished sixty one year old painter, sculptor, moviemaker, costume designer and scriptwriter Giger doesnt create art, he lives it. The always confident and eccentric Giger has been known to wear hollowed out loaves of bread on his feet calling them shoes, and once dressed up a dog as a robotic monster, but he is most notorious for his masterpiece movie successes The Alien trilogy. As a young man Giger attended a myriad of art schools ranging from interior design to drawing schools, and he even attended a military college once. He started to create tables and masks in 1964, also the year his ink drawings began to be published in underground magazines. He was working a full-time furniture design job for designer Andreas Christen when he fell madly in love with an attractive actress named Li Tober in 1966 . In 1967 they moved into a vacant apartment next door to a condemned house, which proved to be the first of several condemned houses Giger would live in or near by in his lifetime. Nine years after moving in with Giger, Li shot herself in the head, leaving Giger in the clutches of despair . Throughout the sixties Giger remained very active in the art world, never taking a break. Friends helped him promote his galleries and films and he quickly became very well known and respected in the business. In 1970 Giger was inspired by his first of many horror nightmares to paint a series of paintings called the wet-cell paintings. Some of his paintings in this era had the haunting illusion that they are covered ...

Hewlett Packard (HP) - Introduction to Business Organization Coursework

Hewlett Packard (HP) - Introduction to Business Organization - Coursework Example It deals in manufacture and supply of laptops, printers, PC’s and variety of range of computers. HP operates a large network for the manufacture and supply of technological products; it operates in 170 countries of the world fulfilling the technological needs of millions. (HEWLETT PACKARD. 2012) HP was founded in 1939 by two of the classmates of Stanford University- Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard. It’s first ever product was an electronic test instrument and one of its early customers who boosted their sales initially was Walt Disney. (HEWLETT PACKARD. 2012) HP operates in 170 countries of the world which makes it operative in America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA). Its head office is located in Palo Alto, California –USA. Further it has installed HP Solution Centers in over 80 locations all around the world which provide technical support regarding the products to million of customers. (HEWLETT PACKARD. 2012) HP operates as a public listed c orporation and is listed on New York Stock Exchange. Financially, HP is a very sound company with an annual turnover of $127,245 million, generating a profit of $7,074 million. HP has a diversified portfolio of products and operates many different segments. Region wise it mostly generates its sales- 45% of it from America (which includes US, Canada and Latin America) the rest is generated from EMEA and Asia Pacific. Its most revenue generating segment is that of personal computers products and services which generates around 60% of the revenue. Other segments which are operated are imaging and printing group, enterprise server, storage and networking, HP software and HP financial services. The company is currently headed by Meg Whitman, the CEO and President of HP who was appointed on the posts recently in late 2011. (HEWLETT PACKARD. 2012) Organizational Structure: An organization’s structure plays a great role in executing its strategies. HP’s organizational structur e has grasped international attention from past decade. In 2000 Carly Fiorina was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer at HP, at that point Fiorina changed the organizational structure of HP which had been there for last 64 years. She dismantled the decentralized structure of HP and introduced a more modern concept of structuring the organization in which HP was to operate with a front-back approach in which back-end unit was to deal with manufacturing while the front-end dealt with sales, marketing and customers. That was the first time a large company with numerous production lines adopted this structure which requires high level of coordination. (PEARCE & ROBINSON. 2000) However this structural strategy was a fail and in 2005Mark Hurd was appointed as the CEO and he changed the structure back to it what it was before Fiorina, that is, a decentralized structure with independently run smaller units with a narrow product focus. The current organizational structure at HP allows f or greater accountability, high sense of responsibility, aids in cost reduction and accountability of spending and better control on production to sale activities. The decentralized structure at HP is basically made up of seven divisions/segments which are either organized on the basis of products or functions. Such a structure enables HP to have greater insight about the environment in which it operates as a technological business is highly dynamic, the divisions and units have to be adaptable and agile to the changes which is done by resting the power to plan day-to-day activities to the segments. However major strategic decisions are held with the higher level. Such a structure also supports a giant like HP which serves a market of trillions all around the world to execute more effectively. HP has

Darden Resturaunts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Darden Resturaunts - Essay Example We have scale and all the advantages that scale brings, and we're continuing to make changes in how we work so our scale works even harder for us. Changes that, during this past fiscal year, helped us limit earnings erosion as sales softened. Finally, we have outstanding teams in our restaurants and our restaurant support center who have tremendous expertise and skill individually and collectively, and who are highly engaged." (www.darden.com) The aim of Darden is to establish itself as the number one full service casual dining restaurant chain in North America. They hope to expand rapidly in the already established as well as new markets (Mill, 2006). International expansion is facilitated by joining hands with reputed local firms and establishing restaurants in those countries. They hope to internationally promote their brands such as Red Lobster, Long Horn Steakhouse, The Capital Grille and Seasons 52. Brand rejection: If public opinion is against a product or service a strategy should be launched to change it. If the public associates a brand with something negative, they will purposely avoid buying that product. It is vital to carefully select the logo and slogan of your product or business so that so as to highlight customer benefits that can be gained from it. This logo or slogan should be put on everything. Brand non-recognition: It is of paramount importance to identify the differences between your product and that of your competitors. These differences should be highlighted diligently. Else your brand may not be recognized by customers because it doesn't have any outstanding features that differentiate it from competitors. Brand recognition: Brand recognition will lure customers towards your product when given a choice between your product and the one they are already accustomed to. It must also be noted that the competitors are also working on brand recognition

Labour Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Labour Economics - Essay Example Aside from biological and cultural factors, industrialization has been pointed as the main cause of inequality which started between the agriculture and the industrial sectors. According to Williamson and Lindert (1980), the movements of the skilled and unskilled pay ratios clearly reflect the unequal distribution of wealth particularly between men and women. (Williamson and Lindert, 1980) Industrialization resulted to a lesser demand for human resources. This causes the increase in competition among the workers. The unequal resources such as the access to education between the rich and the less fortunate people resulted to a wider gap on the distribution of wealth between the two sectors of the society. This paper will discuss in details the effects of the inequality in the distribution of earnings, income, and wealth among men and women as a family in comparison to the case of single mothers as well as other factors such as the economic performance of the country and the UK tax reform. These factors could greatly affect the income-leisure time of women. On the other hand, the use of ‘Income-Leisure Choice Theory model’ could give us a better outlook on how working women or single mothers often end up working for longer hours The constantly changing working environment has resulted in the changes of employment patterns among men and women over the past decades. According to OEDC – Employment Outlook, the number of women participation in the corporate world has constantly increasing; while the men continuously declining. Specifically, the gender wage gaps between men and women in terms of their median earnings are wide. (See Table I – Gender Gap in Median Earnings of Full-time Employees in 2004 below and Graph I – Gender Wage Gaps on page 5) Since the earning gaps between men and women are quite big, women especially those who are single

Importance of Information System Auditing

Importance of Information System Auditing Evaluation of Effectiveness of Auditing of Information System within Corporate Governance Structure in the UK business organizations. Abstract This dissertation will research and review the conceptual framework of effectiveness of auditing (internal audit) of information system within the Corporate Governance structure, where information technology is deemed a key to system success or failure. The paper will then aim to focus on case study approach on two industry sectors in UK to explore a within correlation within effectiveness of Audit function and Corporate Governance structure through a lens of clear transparent information flow and system by means of technology innovation through accountability. Introduction The overall focus of this dissertation is around the critically analyzing and evaluation of auditing of information system in corporate governance structure with strategic significance of information and technology. Auditing of information system is sometimes referred as IT auditing that in modern language that states flow of information processes throughout the organization that is integral part of strong and affective corporate governance. Information integrity and disclosure is the key to successful governance. Corporate Governance has accomplished developing acknowledgment in recent years in light of financial reporting scandals, for example, Enron, WorldCom and Parmalat, which lessened trust in the freedom and unwavering quality of the auditing profession involved, as well as the accounting profession and financial markets all in all (Ibrahim El-Sayed Ebaid, 2011). Inside this structure of present day business world, the part of an inner control framework is synergist since it is viewed as a source from which center capacities are given or drawn and are in this way changed into upper hands. Be that as it may, the pivotal part of internal auditing for the business accomplishment, there is no such a review examining the collaboration between internal auditing and corporate governance (Karagiorgos et al., 2010). For the above reasons the motivation behind this research is to focus on the evaluation of effectiveness of Auditing of Information System within Corporate Governance Structure in th e UK business organizations. Auditing is one of the fundamental components for the effective working of the business and makes a difference an association to confront the outer world with exact data on its business and issues identified related to accountability. Initially auditing function was essentially concerned with just the money and finance related issues inside the business that is accounts for the business. Evidently, the income created by the organization and the costs related are the major contributing variables for decision making on the tax and shareholder benefits. Close by, the development of data innovation (IT) and the expansion in people in general awareness has assist heightened the requirement for directing a proficient auditing procedure to give accountability to their business exercises. It is also vital that the corporate governance of an organization is fundamental for the advantage of the partners as well as for the financial dependability in the business showcase and in addition the whole country. This research is aimed to display a critical research and evaluation of effectiveness of Auditing of Information System within Corporate Governance Structure in the UK business organizations. The research will toss light on the different perspectives identify with accomplishing adequacy in through evaluating information system as one of the component of corporate administration and basically investigations of the innovation and technology on information transparency. Aim and Objectives The focal point of this thesis will be to analyze the productivity of auditing of information system framework in the corporate administration among the UK business associations. This will be accomplished by the research on the following aim and objectives. To appraise the phenomenon of corporate governance and its effectiveness for an organization both inside and outside to the business. Critically analyse the role of information and development of information system frameworks within the scope of corporate governance. Research Definition The research will be refined and focused utilizing using secondary information resources only. This is mainly due to the fact that a general public opinion on the auditing of information system may be inappropriate and deficient as the business organizations may not disclose their corporates sensitive information apart from that is published in the annual submissions/report due to data protection and privacy (Leung, P.et al 2004).Thus the investigation through case study will be completely subjective in nature (i.e.) the exploration is based upon the journals and published white papers as opposed to utilizing primary information for measuring the analysis. The contextual critical examination will be led upon the vital energy and banking domains of the UK economy. While a basic investigation on HSBC bank Plc will be displayed under the banking area, National Grid Transco, Plc is the organization in question for the Energy segment of the UK. The contextual investigation on these organizations will give critical insight on the utilization information technology and the organizations endeavor to fulfill viability of effectiveness of auditing of information system related outcomes for corporate governance. Corporate governance context There had been much written and researched about corporate governance, IT audit, and Information system in literatures recently, but most research has been done considering one or two variables from different angles, such as Corporate Governance and Auditing, IT audit and Corporate Governance, Information System and Corporate Governance etc. Less been written from information perspective to explore Information System Audit and Corporate Governance viability specifically by use of technology in modern era of corporate world, that is the fundamental aim of this research. Following literature research explain and explore more about the individual concepts that prove essential ingredients to successful stewardship of the business. According toToffel, M.W. (2006), states that investors expression of need for information relevant to companys economical information is not just raw accounting data but interpretation lying within. He further states that asymmetric information and potentially adverse disclosure prompts a question mark to capabilities of corporate governance structure of companies.Baek et al. (2008) argues further that directors consider that they have disclosed full information that is required, yet most experts and financial specialists assert that they ought to try to do as such. Another aspect of delivery of information through the use of information system is e-commerce that is very popular and proved to be effective communication channel without side world, i.e. stakeholders. Yabing et al., 2010 concluded in his study that there are considerable number of organizations which dont utilize their websites to convey significant financial data to the external stakeholders users. A current review that has an example with 30 traded organizations disclosed that a great deal of organizations utilize their website in inappropriate way, particularly to communicate information considering corporate governance that pose a question to the stewardship of organization as a whole. To overcome this weakness and to mitigate potential risk to corporate governance auditing plays vital role by assessing overall information system of the organization. A vital clarification between governance and administration is made by Bird, F. (2001), states that while managers and officials control, create, monitor and execute business objectives on an everyday basis, directors and other board structures manage overall business strategy, culture and course. He further states that Executives manages organizations by morality of the authority commissioned to them by owners of the organization, hence making a strong contrast between the assorted components of corporate governance and management. Auditing Information System In modern IT era, the audit process quality within the organization have become an integral and fundamental part of corporate governance quality and transparency. As respects to this, the nature of information systems auditing has likewise accepted a parallel to that. The inherent feature of information systems auditing, and the abilities fundamental to do such reviews, ideally require all around substantial norms standards that execute particularly to information systems examination scrutiny. The amalgamation of Information Technology audit, arranging and methodology with corporate governance and the key utilization of data frameworks (IS) have been of topical subject to administration management experts and IT scholars for quite a while. The move of accentuation can be connected to changes in availability and cost execution proportions in innovation/technology. It can likewise be identified with subsequent changes in potential applications. The converging of hardware and interchanges innovations, and the more far reaching utilization of databases, systems, and coordinated frameworks requiring long-term audit and planning viewpoints, addit ionally fortified for powerful arrangement from corporate governance perspective in UK. IT Governance Kingsford, R., Dunn, L. furthermore, Cooper, J. (2003) states that Information Technology governance is referred to as a sub-set of corporate governance. It appears to be logical then that the meaning of corporate governance will give a helpful start off to an investigation of the definition and proper utilization of the term IT governance. One domain is the relatively recent focal point on corporate governance and the other is strategic information systems within the organization. Web, P. Pollard, C., Ridley, G. (2006),  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Attempting to Define IT Governance:   Wisdom or Folly? Strong governance has for some time been viewed as urgent for improving the long-term value of stakeholders in the organizational domain. In the new innovation driven information age, strengthen corporate governance is considered exceptional best practice and a key segment of market train. Recent demand from stakeholders, shareholders and others owners of business, for more prominent responsibility from corporate board and audit committees that will probably upgrade the nature of corporate stewardship and in the end prompt to more productive capital markets. However, Sarbanes Oxley report in US and the Cadbury Code in the United Kingdom that requires that audit committees adhere to certain professional guidelines rules (e.g., internal controls risk reporting requirements and disclosures), there are few generally acknowledged standards for good governance within the organization. Role of Information in Information System Audit Corporate Governance Ward, J. Peppard, J. (2002) argued that the information systems in a business enterprise not just incorporates the innovation and technology related items additionally those segments of the business that infect process and create yield from the information like the costs, income and purchases. Moreover, they emphasized that the vital utilization of information to encourage effective decision making by the senior administration of the organization, that certainly build the need to distinguish critical information and in addition keep up transparency of the information to furnish independence and accuracy with quality. Information system has seen vital development in each circle of business with the expansion in the competition and innovation technology (IIA, 2004) Christopher Barnatt (2000) contends that the corporate governance in a business organization despite the fact that grasps the reviewing of the fund and income building up a responsibility, predominantly relies on the information that is underlying the income streams or the cost brought about since the financial related measurement by the organization is construct upon the real information with respect to their everyday business. This further makes it clear that information is not just assumes a critical part in dealing with the review auditing information but also a key part in approving the crucial information that is really used to represent the income inside the organization. The above proclamation obviously clarifies that the data innovation (technology) in stepping stone for the business processes and income apart from just the element of client relationship etc. John Ward (2000) argued that the information system in a business domain with reference to corporate governance of the organization gives the underlying contributing milestone to the accountability of income transparency of the overall business. Furthermore, he poses the fact that the likelihood to give false information to cover any major issues inside the business will at the end may influence the corporate governance of the business. It is evident from the argument above that the innovation technology underlying information processing itself required to be formulated and validated in order to approve privacy and to counteract unapproved access to the data. References: Bird, F. (2001), Good governance: A Philosophical discussion of the responsibilities and practices of organizational governors, Canadian Journal of Administrative Studies, No. December,   298-312 Baek, Y.H., Kim, D., Kim, J.W. (2008) Management Earnings Forecasts and Adverse Selection Cost: Good vs Bad News Forecast, International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, Vol. 16, Issue 1, pp. 62-73. Christopher Barnatt, (2000), Management Strategy and Information Technology, Text and Readings, Thomson Business Press Ibrahim El-Sayed Ebaid, (2011) Corporate governance practices and auditors client acceptance decision: empirical evidence from Egypt, Corporate governance, 11(2), pp. 171-183. Institute of Internal Auditors UK, (2004), IT Audit, UK John Ward and Joe Peppard, (2002), Strategic Planning and information Systems, 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons Karagiorgos, T., Drogalas, G., Tampakoudis, I. and Gotzamanis, Ά¢. (2010) Internal Auditing as an effective tool For Corporate Governance, Journal of Business Mgt, 2(1), International Science Press. Kingsford, R., Dunn, L. and Cooper, J. (2003), Information Systems, Information Technology Governance and Organizational Culture, in 14th Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Perth, Australia. Leung, P., Cooper, B.J. and Robertson, P. (2004) The role of Internal Audit in Corporate Governance and Management, RMIT Publishing, Melbourne. Toffel, M.W. (2006) Resolving Information Asymmetries in Markets: The Role of Certified Management Programs, Working paper, Division of Research, Harvard Business School, Vol. 7. Web, P., Ridley, G., Pollard, C. (2006), Attempting to Define Information Technology Governance:   Wisdom or Folly? 39th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2006, Australia Yabing J, Viju R. and Wullianallur R. (2009), Web-Based Corporate Governance Information Disclosure: An Empirical Investigation Volume 22, Issue 2. 19 pages

Causes Of World War I 3 :: essays research papers

There were many immediate and underlying or fundamental causes of World War I. The difference between an underlying and immediate cause is that an underlying cause develops over a long period of time and indirectly leads to a specific event, and an immediate cause is a specific short-term event that directly leads to another event or series of events. While the immediate cause of World War I was the assassination of Francis Ferdinand, the archduke of Austria, by a Serbian member of the Black Hand secret society, there were various basic causes of the war. Three of them were nationalism, alliances between European powers, and militarism. Nationalism is a devotion and loyalty to one’s own nation, with primary emphasis on furthering its interests as opposed to those of other countries. This feeling widely spread throughout Europe during the 19th and 10th centuries and caused many problems. The Slavic people of Bosnia and Herzegovina wanted to break away from Austria-Hungary and unify with other Slavic nations. Russia as a Slavic nation backed up the two countries in this matter, therefore causing tensions between Austria-Hungary and itself. Nationalism was also a source of anger between France and Germany as France resented its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). Alliances between European nations can also be considered an underlying cause of World War I. As a result of the Triple Alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, the Triple Entente (understanding) was formed between France, Britain, and Russia. Although France and Britain were natural enemies, their fear of Germany united them together with Russia. These alliances set the final stage for the beginning of World War I. Each country in each alliance would help each other during warfare. For example, if Germany attacked France, Britain and Russia would help France, and Italy and Austria would help Germany, dragging Europe into a state of chaos and violence. Militarism was also an underlying cause of World War I. As the alliance system divided Europe into opposing groups, each nation began to increase spending on its military. This set a belligerent mood in Europe as each nation was prepared to fight a war. A German officer once said "in time of peace, prepare for war," and that is exactly what European nations did, eventually leading to the Great War. Without a doubt, the one underlying cause of the three described above that was most responsible for World War I was the system of alliances.

Founding fathers Essay

This paper seeks to explore whether America’s founding fathers were men of character and people who were not driven by personal political ambition. Some of the fathers examined in the study include Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams and James Madison (Ellis, 1- 2). Character can be looked at as the personal traits that are attributed to an individual and which guides his intentions. A man of character is that person who lives by principles and motives that are virtuous and desired by the people he is dealing with. These principles and motives should also be acceptable according to the ethical standards set by the society. Personal ambition is when a person sets and focuses on achieving targets which are aimed at individual satisfaction. One is said to be driven by personal ambition if these targets are the motivating factors behind his actions. In the book Founding Brothers by Joseph J. Ellis, the founding fathers were politicians who pursued great ambitions through various avenues. The political rivalry, pride, jealousy and personal ambition however drove them into doing things that do not qualify all of them to be called men of character (Ellis, 10, 16, 23). Nonetheless, most of their activities yielded personal political gratification as well as contributing in some way to the creating of America as a nation. According to Ellis (75), it is due to selfishness and personal interest that the then former secretary of the treasury Alexander Hamilton and sitting Vice president Aaron Burr ended up in a duel that turned out to be fatal as Burr fired a deadly short that killed Alexander. The two men who were on both sides of the political divide: Democratic Republican vs. Federalists allowed their hatred to take charge of their thoughts. Alexander did not like Burr because the later captured a Senate seat from Philip Schuyler who happened to be Hamilton’s father-in-law (Ellis, 172). A man of character at this point would have accepted defeat and allowed democracy to prevail. In addition, Hamilton comes out as a nepotist who placed personal ambition before the interest of the nation for finding it had to accept that Burr defeated his relative Philip Schuyler. The â€Å"despicable opinion† expressed by Alexander against Burr which triggered the argument ending in the duel depicts him as a man who lacked character (Ellis, 113,140). A man of character uses his words wisely in away that does not harm the feelings of his audience but communicates the needed information. Instead of pushing Aaron Burr further in the New York Gubernatorial election by endorsing a candidate who ended up beating Burr and widening their differences, a man of character would have swallowed pride, buried their differences and offered his support or remained neutral to reconcile their differences ( Ellis, 160). This is because men of character appreciate differences of opinion and not taking things personal. However, Hamilton manifested good character by intentionally wasting his bullet and keeping his pre-duel promise by not shooting Burr. The spirited push for the establishment of permanent national capital along the Potomac River was a great fiscal policy that credits him with fighting for the welfare of the nation and not his personal political ambition. His support for Jefferson against Burr due to the latter’s ill intention shows his concern for the nation. According to Ellis (194) we can say with profound confidence that Aaron Burr was not a man of character based on his murder of Hamilton and treason accusation. He comes out as an arrogant man capable of doing anything to acquire power and retain power. Hunger for power is a vice that is not associated with men of character. Even after loosing his Vice-presidency in an election, he was still driven by personal political ambition to the extent of wanting to betray his own nation. This is evident in his conspiracy to steal Louisiana Purchase lands away from the United States and crown himself a King or Emperor (Ellis, 201) Before his election to presidency, Thomas Jefferson and James Adams forged a relationship that contributed immensely to the American nation. It is this good rapport that prompted Hamilton to prefer his candidacy to that of Burr. In spite of all these, his rebellion and disregard of other leaders for not working his way does not reflect his good character but he comes out as a person who prefers things to work out in his way. This can be illustrated by his opposition to George Washington’s policies which were regarded by many as being in the interest of the nation (Ellis, 240). He was also angered by John Adam’s win for presidency which made him to refuse Adam’s attempt to incorporate him into the cabinet. As a man of good character, he should have accepted the gratitude and acknowledgement extended by his friend to serve in the cabinet. This incident also shows that he allowed his personal political ambition to supersede the interest of the nation by refusing to serve in the cabinet. His acts of character assassination on John Adam reveal his hate and unethical conduct (Ellis, 343). However, Adam’s reaction warrants his consideration as a good man who was just trying to help the nation. From his policies and politics, Washington can be considered as a respectable politician who went beyond his personal political ambition to serve the nation. For instance, through the promotion of national unity and highlighting the danger of partisanship and party politics (Ellis, 256). On the issue of slave trade, all of these leaders stand accused especially Madison as a man who lacked character by promoting this form of oppression to develop their nation except Benjamin Franklin who spoke out against it while championing freedom for all (Ellis, 317) Conclusion. Looking at the early political days of the founding fathers, we can conclude that some of them had their personal political ambition that tarnished their good character while others maintained their ethical standards and respect while serving the nation. For instance, controlled by personal political ambition, Thomas Jefferson engaged in activities that eroded his character as a good man. This trend however changed in old age as he tried to repair his faults including reconciling with John Adams (Ellis, 406). From the above discussions, I can conclude that not all founding fathers were men of character who were not driven by personal political ambition. Work Cited Joseph J. Ellis (2001). Founding Brothers. New York: Wheeler Pub Inc.

The Effect of Marketing on Individual’s Buying Decisions’

‘The effect of marketing on individual’s buying decisions’ Research There are various factors that companies must consider when they research a customer’s buying behavior. These include the customer’s personality, gender, self-concept and their state of life. Self Concept: By tailoring their marketing strategy to give the message that a product or service will improve our lives, customers believe that they are bettering themselves by buying these products.The Army’s â€Å"Be All That You Can Be† slogan is a good example of this: by joining the army, you will become a better version of yourself. Gender: Men and women shop differently. One study by Resource Interactive, a technology research firm, found that when shopping online, men prefer sites with lots of pictures of products; women prefer to see products online in lifestyle context—say, a lamp in a living room. Women are also twice as likely as men to use viewing tools such as the zoom and rotate buttons and links that allow them to change the color of products.Consumer’s age and state of life: As we grow older, we change our ideas about what we want and need to buy. Companies are cleverly able to market in a way that can target different age groups and offer a product or service that will make these different groups think they need them. Methodology The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of sales promotions on individual’s buying decisions. More specifically, this approach will compare male and females aged between 20 and 25, and try to find out what influences and impacts their buying decisions.Thomas (2009) indicates that a reliable and effective method when collecting data is a significant element of the research; both qualitative and quantitative methods would be used for continuing this research. This research will choose a focus group as the main method for our study. A focus group is a form of qualitative research used to form a discussion with people and get information from them (Thomas, 2009).In addition, Throupe (2011) indicates that a focus group is seen as an important tool for acquiring feedback and regarding new products in marketing. According to Bell (2005), reliability and validity are the two important elements of choosing research method. Thus, by forming our focus group, we hope to effectively obtain significant, integrated and in-depth information from our interviewees (Saunders et al, 2003). The interview is conducted in an unstructured and natural way where respondents are free to give views from any aspect.Focus groups allow interviewers to study people in a more natural setting than a one-to-one interview. In combination with participant observation, they can be used for gaining access to various cultural and social groups, selecting sites to study, sampling of such sites, and raising unexpected issues for exploration. Their main advantage is their fairly low cost compared to s urveys, as one can get results relatively quickly and increase the sample size of a report by talking with several people at once.Within our focus group all participants will be asked five questions. The questions are mainly open-ended questions in order to get more extensive and developmental answers (Saunders et al, 2003). Followed the five questions, we will discuss further depending on how each interviewee responds. Each question will relate to the interviewees’ own experiences about shopping and whether sales promotions or discounts effect their decisions. Each individual interview will run for 10 to 20 minutes.This research will take place in the Learning Resource Centre in the University of Hertfordshire De Havilland campus. Before the interviews, the question papers and recording papers will be prepared. Before we form our focus group, it is important to consider various aspects that companies focus on when forming their marketing campaigns: Interview Questions: 1. Wh at type of marketing do you notice the most? 2. What do you think is the best marketing method that companies use to keep customers buying? . Which of these marketing methods do you think applies the most to our age group? 4. Why do you think our age group is a good target for these marketing methods? 5. Do you think that marketing makes you spend more, less or the same amount as you normally would? Findings After the group discussions, the majority of people we spoke to agreed that the main thing that would make them buy something would be a sale, promotion or some sort of loyalty programme.Dowling and Uncles (1997) ask ‘do these programs really create extra loyalty over that which is driven by the relative value of the product/service, do they encourage customers to spend more, or do they merely bribe a customer to repeat buy? ’ Our focus group recognized the tricks of these loyalty schemes and special discounts. One young woman explained that she received an email fr om a clothing retailer, offering a pair of shoes for a ‘special discounted price’ and though she knew she had no money, she bought them anyway because she was made to believe she was getting a good deal.Patrick Spenner addresses the reason that many customers follow or ‘like’ companies on social media sites, stating, â€Å"the top reason customers follow a brand†¦[is] to get discounts† (Spenner, 2012). With our focus group, we also considered the various environmental factors that may have an effect on the way we buy. Due to the recession and the fact that we are mainly low-income students, we jump at the chance to save money, even though we may not actually be saving as much as we think.Tim Ambler says that ‘price promotions are the brand equivalent of heroin: easy to get into but hard to get out of. Once the brand and its customers are addicted to the short-term high of a price cut it is hard to wean them away to real brand building† (Ambler, 1999). By continually offering us discounts and special offers, we are tricked into thinking that we are saving money, when in reality we are probably spending just as much as we would normally. Because the items we buy are discounted, we can ‘justify’ buying more, which means spending more. ConclusionThrough our focus group discussion, we found that most young individuals, male and female, aged between 20 and 25 are more tempted to buy when they are presented with some sort of promotion, discount or loyalty scheme from a company. Through studying the age, personalities and stage of life of their customers, companies can tailor which marketing strategy will get the most customers buying. In this case, by making customers feel as though they are saving money and ‘in on a great deal’, companies can build loyalty with their customers that ensure they come back to buy time and time again.

Free Essays on Wireless

Wireless computing is the topic of much conversation today. The concept has been around for some time now but has been mainly utilizing communication protocols that exist for voice based communication. It is not intended to replace wired data communication but instead to be utilized in areas that it would be otherwise impossible to communicate using wires. Only recently has the industry been taking steps to formulate a standard that is more suitable to data transmission. Some the problems to be overcome are: (1) Data Integrity - relatively error free transmission, (2) Speed - as close as possible to the speed of current wired networks, (3) Protection - making sure that the data now airborne is encoded and cannot be tapped by unwelcome receivers, (4) Compatibility - ensuring that the many protocols that sure to be created subscribe to a standard to allow inter-operability, (5) Environmentally safe - strengths of electromagnetic radiation must be kept within normal levels. In our study of the theories and implementation concerns of wireless computing, we found that it is being treated in an object oriented fashion. Scientists and development crews, including the IEEE, are doing their best to implement wireless connectivity without changing the existing computer hardware. As a result, a lot of focus is on using existing computer hardware and software to convert data to a format compatible with the new hardware which will be added to the computer using ports or PCMCIA connections that already exist. This means that wireless communication will be transparent to the user if and when wireless computing is utilized on a wide scale. Wireless computing applications covers three broad areas of computing today. Replacement of normal wired LAN's need to retain the speed and reliability found in wired LAN's. Creation of semipermanent LAN's for quick and easy setup without the need for running wires. Th... Free Essays on Wireless Free Essays on Wireless Wireless Technology applied to Computer Processing technology can provide many benefits to computing including faster response to queries, reduced time spent on paperwork, increased online time for users, just-in-time and real time control, tighter communications between clients and hosts. Wireless Computing is governed by two general forces: Technology, which provides a set of basic building blocks and User Applications, which determine a set of operations that must be carried out efficiently on demand. This paper summarizes technological changes that are underway and describes their impact on wireless computing development and implementation. It also describes the applications that influence the development and implementation of wireless computing and shows what current systems offer. Wireless computing is the topic of much conversation today. The concept has been around for some time now but has been mainly utilizing communication protocols that exist for voice-based communication. It is not intended to replace wired data communication but instead to be utilized in areas that it would be otherwise impossible to communicate using wires. Only recently has the industry been taking steps to formulate a standard that is more suitable to data transmission. Some the problems to be overcome are: Data Integrity - relatively error free transmission, Speed - as close as possible to the speed of current wired networks, Protection - making sure that the data now airborne is encoded and cannot be tapped by unwelcome receivers, Compatibility - ensuring that the many protocols that sure to be created subscribe to a standard to allow inter-operability, Environmentally safe - strengths of electromagnetic radiation must be kept within normal levels. In studies of the theories and i mplementation concerns of wireless computing, it was found that it is being treated in an object-oriented fashion. Scientists and development crews, including the IEEE, are ... Free Essays on Wireless Wireless computing is the topic of much conversation today. The concept has been around for some time now but has been mainly utilizing communication protocols that exist for voice based communication. It is not intended to replace wired data communication but instead to be utilized in areas that it would be otherwise impossible to communicate using wires. Only recently has the industry been taking steps to formulate a standard that is more suitable to data transmission. Some the problems to be overcome are: (1) Data Integrity - relatively error free transmission, (2) Speed - as close as possible to the speed of current wired networks, (3) Protection - making sure that the data now airborne is encoded and cannot be tapped by unwelcome receivers, (4) Compatibility - ensuring that the many protocols that sure to be created subscribe to a standard to allow inter-operability, (5) Environmentally safe - strengths of electromagnetic radiation must be kept within normal levels. In our study of the theories and implementation concerns of wireless computing, we found that it is being treated in an object oriented fashion. Scientists and development crews, including the IEEE, are doing their best to implement wireless connectivity without changing the existing computer hardware. As a result, a lot of focus is on using existing computer hardware and software to convert data to a format compatible with the new hardware which will be added to the computer using ports or PCMCIA connections that already exist. This means that wireless communication will be transparent to the user if and when wireless computing is utilized on a wide scale. Wireless computing applications covers three broad areas of computing today. Replacement of normal wired LAN's need to retain the speed and reliability found in wired LAN's. Creation of semipermanent LAN's for quick and easy setup without the need for running wires. Th...

Team Development Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team Development - Coursework Example The duo proposed that a small group passes through five stages to get fully matured (Tuckman & Jensen, 2010). They proposed the paths to include; forming, storming, norming, performing and finally the adjourning stages. It is for this reason that any team leader should endeavor to know the characteristics of each stage so that he/she can find and adopt the necessary skills to deal with the members challenges. The following essay is about the stages passed through by the sales team formed by Barclays Bank to increase their market share by selling loans and other products to which I was a member. This stage was characterized by a lot of curiosity and excitement as many of us were not yet sure of the real purpose of the team. Most people at this stage did not know each other and their ability/skills. However, the team members were polite and receptive to each other. The team leader was very initiative and more result-oriented. He introduced us to major tasks in a bid to maximize friendly atmosphere to see tasks adopted and completed in time. He was very directive at this level and walked through the team giving directions. Here we had several disagreements and conflicts amongst ourselves as other members realized the tasks were quite challenging. Some colleagues became totally incorporative with each other, even questioning the authority of the team leader and his roles other thereby fuelling the conflicts. This, however, is expected at this stage according to (Eyre & Mind Tool Team, 2014). They suggest that the leader should be assertive and more positive to the main goal, skills that were absent in our team leader. They recommend that He/she should even consider training members on conflict resolution and explain to them that whatever was happening at that stage was normal (Eyre & Mind Tool Team, 2014). This was not the case with

What is the Tippecanoe County Historical Association and what are some Essay

What is the Tippecanoe County Historical Association and what are some of the sites it maintains - Essay Example Credibility Statement: I have researched on the official Society website, and all the information I am going to provide to you is directly from the information that they have provided to the public. IV. Thesis Statement: The Tippecanoe Country Historical Society is an organization that helps maintain and protect the important culture of their county. They currently manage four different sites, all difference niches of the collected past of Tippecanoe County. A. â€Å"The Moses Fowler House was purchased by the Tippecanoe County Historical Association from Cecil Fowler in 1940. The association opened the house as its historical museum in 1941† as stated by the official website. 1. †In 1928, a local physician, Dr. Richard B. Wetherill acquired the land around what was believed to be the site of an early French trading post known as the Fort Ouiatenon Blockhouse (1717-1791).   In 1930, he built a 452 sq. ft. replica of the fort on this land.   The grounds lie approximately 3 miles southwest of West Lafayette on South River Road.†, as told by the official website. a) â€Å"Join us for the opening of a new display of firearms from TCHAs collection. On view initially are 51 long guns and rifles with additional examples to be added as the display is expanded. The firearms in the exhibit were manufactured between the early 19th Century and the onset of World War II, with several fine examples manufactured locally by Bixler & Iddings and Thomas Underwood. Most of the objects on display have never been show to the public. Thanks to the McAllister Foundation for providing funding for the display cases†, as advertised on the website. B. â€Å"The Library consists of books, vertical files, court books, microfilm, CD-ROMs, and has patron access to the Internet. The subject collection of books and materials focus on Tippecanoe County history.† according to the official website. I. Restatement of Thesis: The Tippecanoe Country Historical Society is an organization that

Service Recovery Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Service Recovery - Research Paper Example In order to conduct effective service recovery, it is paramount that management institutes a cross-functional approach, which acquires a marketing perspective, management perspective and an operations perspective. This essentially entails customer recovery, employee recovery and process recovery respectively. This paper will examine the three elements of service recovery, discussing the best practice of service recovery through the extensive examination of the literature. Through the examination of the three main service recovery approaches in a number of industries, this paper will offer eight key hurdles that institutions have to overcome to bridge the gap between best service recovery practices and the actual recovery practices and suggest how to do so. Importance of Service Recovery Service recovery entails actions that a service provider institutes in response to a failure in terms of service delivery. Such a failure occurs when the perceptions of customers of the service provid ed do not match their expectations. As per this definition, it is evident that service recovery is not limited to service industries. Empirical research demonstrates that managing problems effectively entails the most vital component of a company’s reputation for excellent service delivery in institutions and industries. This means that a company that serves either internal or external customers should accept that failures are bound to happen; thus the essential thing is to institute systems and procedures that counter such failures. In recent years, a number of empirical studies have dealt with service recovery in numerous industries globally (Maxham and Netemeyer 61). Concern in service recovery has developed because companies and industries appreciate that poor service experiences are the main reason for customer switching, which also results in loss, in customer lifetime value. However, a viable service recovery system is noteworthy as it has immense, positive impacts on customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, word-of-mouth behaviour and subsequently, customer profitability. While certain studies show that great initial service is better than excellent service recovery, other empirical studies suggest that an excellent service recovery can result in even greater customer loyalty and satisfaction than if a company did nothing wrong in the initial place. This paradox is referred to as the service recovery paradox and holds true in most instances (McCollough 56). Literature on interdisciplinary services provides a rich source of insight and research on effective service recovery (Bell. and Zemke 33). The literature on service recovery shows that perceived justice is a vital element in the evaluations of service recovery. Reports on service failure show that perceived unfairness in customer treatment results, in lower customer satisfaction and loyalty. Service recovery must re-establish justice from the customer’s perspective. Justice entails th ree distinct dimensions, i.e. procedural, distributive and interactional. Distributive justice centers on the allotment of costs and benefits. This element asserts that customers weigh the benefits they gain from services with regard to the costs associated with the service.

Discuss in Scholarly Detail the Benefits and Risks Associated with Strategic Management Essay Example for Free

Discuss in Scholarly Detail the Benefits and Risks Associated with Strategic Management Essay Strategic management allows organizations to be more proactive than reactive and to initiate and influence internal and external activities to gain control over its own destiny. It allows executives at all levels to participate in analyzing a firms current practices in order to formulate and implement shorter and longer term strategies for growth and development. Historically, this participative approach has produced better results. Another benefit of strategic management has been to formulate better strategies through the use of the more systematic and proven methodologies. Organizations of all sizes have recognized and realized the benefits of strategic management. While financial benefits include increased sales, profitability and productivity, non-Financial benefits include, better understanding of competitor’s strategies and reduced resistance to change across the organization. Strategic planning with risk awareness has always been difficult. According to Rick Funston Bob Ruprecht (http://bpmmag.net), Success demands excellent risk management as a core competency. Risk intelligence enables an organization to respond to rapidly changing circumstances with greater agility and resilience. Risk handled well becomes a source of competitive advantage; handled poorly it can severely hamper a companys prospects. The greater the risk, the less complacent organization can afford to be. More often executives who are responsible for strategic planning lack an integrated view of risk due to the unavailability of business intelligence when needed. Many organizations fail to consider a range of time horizons when incorporating risk considerations into the planning process resulting in uncertainty down the chain-of-command with each expanding time horizon. Unavailability of an integrated decision-support framework that links key performance metrics with business and risk intelligence multiplies the risks exponentially.

Contemporary Issues in Strategic Marketing

Contemporary Issues in Strategic Marketing Contemporary Issues in Strategic Marketing Your manager has been to a marketing seminar on The Service Dominant Logic. He has asked you to produce a paper on the implications of implementing an SDK programme within the firm embraces both the strategic and tactical implications and the costs and the benefits. Implications of service-dominant logic Nowadays, we need to set up strategies and tactics in a new way due to the huge changes happening in both consuming and marketing environment. Due to the more and more important role marketing plays in corporate operation, understanding and implementing strategy from marketings view could offer firms a useful means to reconfigure corporate value and management concept. In 2007, the revised definition of marketing by AMA (American Marketing Association) illustrates that marketing is a system of vale transaction in essence. Briefly, all forms of goods should be regarded as service. Goods are the physical expression of one or more capabilities, and product is the main type that companies offer, while service, according to Vargo and Lusch (2004), is the application of specialized competences (knowledge and skills). Stephen L. Vargo Robert F. Lusch (2004) also explained that marketing has shifted from the goods-dominant logic (G-D Logic) to service–dominant logic (S-D Logic) which is applicable to all marketing offers (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). They further identified that in fact, all economy is the service economy, and product is just the carrier and physical appearance of the service (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). Apparently, what firms offer is the physical product, but in fact all what they supply is just one kind of service, one solution. Kotler (1977) indicated that the real importance of product to us is not the ownership but the service that we could get from them. Also, there is a growing focus o n services in the marketing because service industry dominants the worlds economy nowadays, for example, eighty percent of the current U.S. GDP is derived from the services industry, which employs over 80% of all employees (Ford and Bowen, 2008). The S-D logic intimates a very different kind of purpose and process for marketing activity and for the firm as a whole: to provide service to stakeholders, including customers, stockholders, and employees (Lusch and Vargo 2006, p. 283). All companies should notice that the real implication of serve-dominant logic is the customer satisfaction not the continual innovation and improvement of products, unless this kind of innovation and improvement is for better satisfying customer needs. Firms blind focus on improving products quality and technology would let them ignore the change of customer needs, which will keep them away from customers. Whenever companies can have the service-dominant view, they will be more rational to make strategies. Especially when managing production innovation, firms will not only keep an eye on the product itself but develop the production more efficient based on the services need to be satisfied. So under the serve-dominant logic, firms should firstly be c ustomer-oriented, continually satisfy customer needs; then firms should enhance the service consciousness and improve service quality, which is a fundamental approach to attract new customer, build customer satisfaction and cultivate customer loyalty (Brodie and Little, 2006). A significant change over the 100 years is that customers could actively choose their favourite products from only passively accept corporate product. This is the result of the market competition, is the inevitable phenomenon among the transformation from the sellers market to the buyers market. In the traditional product times, corporate implement the market-and-sell producing value, producers and consumers are completely separated (Baker, 2003, P454). In the past, companies blindly manufacture, ignoring whether or not customers will accept, what they only care is selling products out for profit. However, this method isnt effective anymore because current customers have a lot of alternative choices, part of them are even finicky, they will only choose the product and service satisfying their needs, they will not waste any interest on anything they dont like. In consideration of this situation, more and more companies become smarter. They abandon the obsolete production concept, turn ing to use the sense and response marketing view as the guide, put customers in the core position of the corporate operation. More than that, firms start to involve customers in the process of product design, producing, evaluation. During the whole process of value creation, customers is no longer a passively accepter, but be regarded as the co-producer. The key element of value creation is to cooperate with customers (Normannand Ramirez, 1993). Thus it can be seen that, customer participation is extraordinary important to companies, the interaction between customers and firms is extremely important, especially for the future corporate. In his book â€Å"future shock†, Alvin Toffer explained the upcoming â€Å"experiential industry†, in which customers would not only satisfy with the basic functions products and services offer, they would be willing to allocate high percentages of their salaries to live amazing experiences (Toffler, 1994). In this kind of â€Å"experience economy†, companies will never again simply produce goods, but become an experience platform, co-create value with the customers. Dell and Starbucks are both good examples. Corporate could be regarded as an aggregation of various resources, validly managing these resources could create profit and value. Firms used to believe that tangible resources such as the land, equipment, and materials are the most important assets, because without these resources, companies are unable to organize manufacture. However, in the current service-dominant times, the key resources have changed to be intangible resources like knowledge, experience, technology and innovation etc (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). It can be said that they are base of corporate competence and core capability. This is not to say that those tangible resources are not important any more, but that their importance has comparably diminished, which is because that the buyers market is the dominant in the current economic environment, customers have unprecedented wide range of choices and their needs are escalating, only the high knowledge and technology based products will be favoured by customers. On the o ther hand, simple physical product without high knowledge and technology is losing competence, which prompts companies to transfer to the knowledge and technology intensive ones. Constantin and Lusch (1994) defined the physical and natural resources to be the operand resources, while the knowledge, technology and innovation kind of resources are be defined as the operant resources (Constantin and Lusch, 1994). This transaction of the focus of resource reveals one fact which is that current corporate competition is no longer the simple competition based on the product, but the full competition based on the knowledge, technology and human resources. If company want to be the winner in such intensively competitive environment, it must set up its own core capability and competitive advantage. Modern corporations more and more emphasize on transferring value from the tangible resources to intangible resources, insisting on creating corporate value through operant resources (Vargo and Lus ch, 2004). S-D Logic emphasizes that knowledge is the fundamental source of competitive advantage, as based on a firms ability to make differentiated use of information flow throughout its value creation chain of suppliers, distributors, and customers (Ford and Bowen, 2008). Also, the transaction of focus of resources requires corporate to make an important change on strategies, which is to be the learning organization. Only learning could increase the group knowledge, experience etc intangible assets in the organization, could create core value. Firms not only need to carry out the internal learning, but also turn its attention to the broader external environment and the whole value chain. Not only requires adaptive learning but also innovative learning. It is indicated by S-D Logic that customer value is created through service experiences and relationships, especially in the co-creation and sharing of resources, including skills and knowledge (Aitken and Ballantyne etc all, 2006). Within the S-D Logic, the customers is a prosumer and co-creator of value, which can lead benefits to both themselves and service providers (Baker, 2003, P461). In the product times, value is almost decided by the producer, value is included in the tangible resources, reflect on the product; however, in the current service times, value is decide by the consumers. Whether or not one product is valuable, how much value it has, thats not producers call, after consumers judgement, its value is embodied in the consumers recognition and acceptance. So this is like that a drop of water is much more valuable than a diamond in the dessert, which is determined by peoples needs. The definition of Customer Perceived Value (CPV) given by Kotler (2003) is the differenc e between the prospective customers evaluation of all benefits and all the costs of an offering and the perceived alternatives (Kotler, 2003, P60). So it can be seen that value relies on customers perception and judgement to a large extent. Customers will make their most important judgments of value received through direct service interactions with firms and on service-ability of goods-in-use (Ballantyne and Aitken, 2007). It can also be said that the time-logic of marketing exchange is open-ended, from pre-sale service interaction to post-sale value-in-use (Ballantyne and Varey, 2006). Baker (2003) said that: â€Å"all marketing is about value proposition.† (Baker, 2003, P452). The service-dominant logic brings marketing innovation to the fore through the sharing of new ideas and knowledge within the firm, and between the firm and key customers and suppliers (Aitken and Ballantyne etc all, 2006). The effect of transition of value determination on strategy is that corporate must implement the innovation process and service progress based on the customers, play close attention to their need, opinions and suggestions, which means that marketing research, product test need to be taken regularly, ensuring customer needs could be satisfied. It is the only way to receive customers recognition and acceptance and let the value of product could express. Also, firms need to maintain stable long-term relationship with customers, set up various social, structural and emotional connections to enhance customer loyalty and customer lifetime value (Aitken and Ballantyne etc all, 2006).Lean solution which fits the S-D logic and the customers role as co-creator could be applied by companies make hands-on strategies, such as continuing improvements, do it right the first time, and management commitment (baker, 2003, P467). Also, there are some principles should be followed (Baker, 2003, P467; Womack and Jones, 2005b, P61): Solve the customers problem completed by ensuring that all the goods and services work, and work together. Do not waste the customers time. Provide exactly what the customer wants. Provide what is wanted exactly where it is wanted. Provide what is wanted where it is wanted exactly when it is wanted. Continually aggregate solutions to reduce the customers time and hassle. In the service times, companies more and more recognize the importance of customers who are the direct origin of profit. Old trading ideas do not emphasize the relationship with customers, ignoring customer needs and satisfaction lead to companys reducing profit and increasing costs. With the further deepen understanding, more and more emphasize on the core position of customers, companies gradually recognize the importance to keep the relationship with customers. This is also one result of the continual development of marketing theories applied to practices. During the process of development, many new concepts have been put forward, such as the Customer Lifetime Value (CLV), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and Customer Equity (Kotler, 2003). Managers find out it is possible to reduce costs on one side, and attract more new customers by word-of mouth to receive more profit on the other side through building relationship with customers and maintaining customer loyalty. Strategically, corporate choose customers more carefully, they find out that it is not effective to be indiscriminate customer choosing. Companies discover that not all of the customers are profitable; some customers will even bring negative gearing to them, which is because the too high cost to get customers and/or too short customer lifetime circle, and this is called the lost-for-good customers type. Sherden proposed to change the â€Å"20-80† rule with the following: â€Å"20-80-30†, first 20% of customers contribute with 80% to the enterprise profit and half of these profits are used to cover the enterprise losses generated by the last 30% of the unprofitable customers (Sherden, 1994). According to this situation, companies start to consider how to measure customer value, how to identify profitable customers, which lead to the CLV evaluation. What companies could do is to model profit on both an annual basis and on a CLV basis to determine customer value in terms o f potential profits and CLV (Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, 2002, P63). For example, Electro plc collected data analyze its customer acquisition and retention economics at the segment level, by doing so it can clearly identify which segment need to be concentrated on and which one is the waste of investment (Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, 2002, P53). Through this assessment, companies could find out the most important customers and abandon those unprofitable customers. And adopt different marketing strategies and different resource distribution (such as different pricing policies, quality and level of service) to different categories of customers. Firms very focus on building up stable long-term relationship to achieve the supplier-customer win-win relationship (Baker, 2003, P469). IBM is good at it CRM, it can make the best use of every opportunity contacting with customers to impress them and increase loyalty to company, and finally enhance corporate profit and reduce cost (IBM, 2009). For example, its CRM outsourcing service provide reliable methods, new ideas and innovative thinking to help firms enhance customer-oriented marketing, sales and the effectiveness and efficient of services (IBM, 2009). When companies are pursuing the long-term development, especially when we hope to build a permanent operating institution, we must have a broad view, not only focus on customers current value, but also create and enhance customers lifetime value. Firstly, companies need to ensure the quality of its products could satisfy customers need; then, companies need to be able to provide good â€Å"consumption experience† to attract customer participation and build their loyalty to your brand. Tactics could be that firms not only provide after-sale service, but actively offer lifetime service, cultivate â€Å"lifetime customers†, create lifetime value in further (Lusch, Vargo, and Malter 2006). CRM regards that the total value of the firms customer base is an important driver of company profitability (Kotler, 2003, P52). In order to set up a comprehensive customer database, high-quality, timely, and accurate information need to be collected such as customers demographics, past purchase etc and then put into a data warehouse. And the database could be used by companies on marketing like to identify customer response, make attractive or timely offers ect. However, Kotler (2003) also identified three problems of database marketing: firstly, companies need to spend a large investment in computer hardware, database, software, analytical programs, communication links, and skilled personnel to build and maintain a customer database; secondly, it is difficult to get everyone in the company to be customer-oriented in and to use the available information; thirdly, customer may not want to keep a relationship with the company, some of whom may even think that their personal informatio n should not be collected (Kotler, 2003, P55). And some real examples tell us that the database marketing is not helpful to every companys CRM, reasons of failure of CRM implementation could be the high cost, poorly designed system, ignorance by collaborators (Kotler, 2003, P56). Conclusively, we are facing a totally different consumption and marketing environment, so we should also change our ideological foundation of making strategies. Major changes include that marketing has shifted from the goods-dominant logic to service–dominant logic; customers could actively choose their favourite products; the key resources have changed to be intangible resources; customers become a co-creator of value; maintaining customer relationship becomes more and more important to companies. So strategic and tactical implications to companies are: be customer-oriented, continually satisfy customer needs; enhance the service consciousness and improve service quality; increase customer participation; marketing research, product test need to be taken regularly to ensure customer needs could be satisfied; carry out adaptive learning and innovative learning within the company. Two main types of benefits could be brought to companies: reduce costs and increase profit and valu e through CRM. However, the initial investment is expensive, and it is hard to make ensure everyone one in the company could be customer-oriented, also, some customers may refuse to maintain relationship with firms. Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long term, and the tactics is the specific actions implementing strategy(Johnson and Scholes, 2002, P 10). New Definition of Marketing (est. in 2007): Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large( AMA, 2007). â€Å"Future shock† is a book written by the sociologist and futurologist Alvin Toffer in 1970 The Pareto principle ( also knows the â€Å"20-80† rule) states that it is possible for 80% of the companys profit to be provided by 20% of the total number of customers (Sherden, 1994). Customer lifetime value (CLV) is defined as the net present value of the future profit flow over a customers lifetime (Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne, 2002, P62) According to Bill Inmon (1992), a data warehouse is a database that contains the following four characteristics: subject oriented, non-volatile, integrated and time variant (Todman, 2001, P32). 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Baker, Michael John (2003) The marketing book (5th Edition) Oxford :Butterworth-Heinemann. Printed and bound in Great Britain by the Bathe Press, Bath S. L. Vargo and R. F. Lusch (2004). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68:1{17, January 2004. Brodie, R.J., Glynn, M.S. and Little, V. (2006), â€Å"The service brand and the service-dominant logic: missing fundamental premise or the need for stronger theory?†, Marketing Theory, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 363-79. Robert F. Lusch, Stephen L. Vargo (2006) Service-dominant logic: reactions, reflections and refinements Marketing Theory, Vol. 6, No. 3, 281-288 (2006) Robert Aitken, David Ballantyne. Phil Osborne and John Williams (2006) Introduction to the special issue on the service-dominant logic of marketing: insights from The Otago Forum Marketing Theory 2006; 6; 275 Lusch, R.F. and S.L. Vargo, Eds. (2006). The Service-Dominant Logic of Marketing. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. Lusch, R.F., S.L. Vargo, A. Malter (2006). â€Å"Marketing as Service-Exchange: Taking a Leadership Role in Global Marketing Management,† Organizational Dynamics (forthcoming). David Ballantyne and Robert Aitken (2007)Branding in B2B markets: insights from the service-dominant logic of marketing, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing Volume 22  · Number 6  · 2007  · 363–371 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited [ISSN 0885-8624] AMA (2007, December 17, 2007 ). AMA Definition of Marketing . Retrieved 7th Nov 2009, from http://www.marketingpower.com/Community/ARC/Pages/Additional/Definition/default.aspx. ROBERT C. FORD and DAVID E. BOWEN (2008) A Service-Dominant Logic for Management Education: Its Time. Academy of Management Learning Education, 2008, Vol. 7, No. 2, 224–243. IBM (2009) Build sustainable competitive advantage and accelerate time-to-benefit in marketing, sales and service http://www-935.ibm.com/services/th/index.wss/offerfamily/gts/e1028096 (Available) Accessed on 13th Nov, 2009